scholarly journals Meteorological Conditions and Covid-19 in Large U.S. Cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisato Takagi ◽  
Toshiki Kuno ◽  
Yujiro v ◽  
Hiroki Ueyama ◽  
Takuya Matsushiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Regression Graph ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The City

To determine whether prevalence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is modulated by meteorological conditions, we herein conducted meta-regression of data in large U.S. cities. We selected 33 large U.S. cities with a population of >500,000. The integrated numbers of confirmed Covid-19 cases in the country to which the city belongs on 14 May 2020, the estimated population in 2019 in the country, and monthly meteorological conditions at the city for 4 months (from January to April 2020) were obtained. Meteorological conditions consisted of mean temperature (F), total precipitation (inch), mean wind speed (MPH), mean sky cover, and mean relative humidity (%). Monthly data for 4 months were averaged or integrated. The Covid-19 prevalence was defined as the integrated number of Covid-19 cases divided by the population. Random-effects meta-regression was performed by means of OpenMetaAnalyst. In a meta-regression graph, Covid-19 prevalence (plotted as the logarithm transformed prevalence on the y-axis) was depicted as a function of a given factor (plotted as a meteorological datum on the x-axis). A slope of the meta-regression line was significantly negative (coefficient, -0.069; P < 0.001) for the mean temperature and significantly positive for the mean wind speed (coefficient, 0.174; P = 0.027) and the sky cover (coefficient, 2.220; P = 0.023). In conclusion, lower temperature and higher wind speed/sky cover may be associated with higher Covid-19 prevalence, which should be confirmed by further epidemiological researches adjusting for various risk and protective factors (in addition to meteorological conditions) of Covid-19.

Scale and Lag Effects on Control of Aerodynamic Power and Loads on a HAWT Rotor

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Moriarty ◽  
A. J. Eggers, ◽  
K. Chaney ◽  
W. E. Holley
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Lag Effects ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Control

The effects of rotor scale and control system lag were examined for a variable-speed wind turbine. The scale study was performed on a teetered rotor with radii ranging between 22.5m and 33.75m. A 50% increase in radius more than doubled the rated power and annual energy capture. Using blade pitch to actively control fluctuating flatwise moments allowed for significant reductions in blade mass for a fixed fatigue life. A blade operated in closed-loop mode with a 33.75m radius weighed less than an open-loop blade with a 22.5m radius while maintaining the same fatigue life of 5×109 rotations. Actuator lag reduced the effectiveness of the control system. However, 50% reductions in blade mass were possible even when implementing a relatively slow actuator with a 1 sec. time constant. Other practical limits on blade mass may include fatigue from start/stop cycles, non-uniform turbulence, tower wake effects, and wind shear. The more aggressive control systems were found to have high control accelerations near 60 deg/s2, which may be excessive for realistic actuators. Two time lags were introduced into the control system when mean wind speed was estimated in a rapidly changing wind environment. The first lag was the length of time needed to determine mean wind speed, and therefore the mean control settings. The second was the frequency at which these mean control settings were changed. Preliminary results indicate that quickly changing the mean settings (every 10 seconds) and using a moderate length mean averaging time (60 seconds) resulted in the longest fatigue life. It was discovered that large power fluctuations occurred during open-loop operation which could cause sizeable damage to a realistic turbine generator. These fluctuations are reduced by one half or more when aerodynamic loads are actively controlled.

scholarly journals Local Climate Zone Classification Scheme Can Also Indicate Local-Scale Urban Ventilation Performance: An Evidence-Based Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziqi Zhao ◽  
Lidu Shen ◽  
Liguang Li ◽  
Hongbo Wang ◽  
Bao-Jie He
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ventilation Performance ◽  
Local Climate Zone

Studies on urban ventilation indicate that urban ventilation performance is highly dependent on urban morphology. Some studies have linked local-scale urban ventilation performance with the local climate zone (LCZ) that is proposed for surface temperature studies. However, there is a lack of evidence-based studies showing LCZ ventilation performance and affirming the reliability of using the LCZ classification scheme to demonstrate local-scale urban ventilation performance. Therefore, this study aims to analyse LCZ ventilation performances in order to understand the suitability of using the LCZ classification scheme to indicate local-scale urban ventilation performance. This study was conducted in Shenyang, China, with wind information at 16 weather stations in 2018. The results indicate that the Shenyang weather station had an annual mean wind speed of 2.07 m/s, while the mean wind speed of the overall 16 stations was much lower, only 1.44 m/s in value. The mean wind speed at Shenyang weather station and the 16 stations varied with seasons, day and night and precipitation conditions. The spring diurnal mean wind was strong with the speeds of 3.56 m/s and 2.21 m/s at Shenyang weather station and the 16 stations, respectively. The wind speed (2.21 m/s at Shenyang weather station) under precipitation conditions was higher than that (1.75 m/s at Shenyang weather station) under no precipitation conditions. Downtown ventilation performance was weaker than the approaching wind background, where the relative mean wind speed in the downtown area was only 0.53, much less than 1.0. The downtown ventilation performance also varied with seasons, day and night and precipitation conditions, where spring diurnal downtown ventilation performance was the weakest and the winter nocturnal downtown ventilation performance was the strongest. Moreover, the annual mean wind speed of the 16 zones decreased from the sparse, open low-rise zones to the compact midrise zones, indicating the suitability of using LCZ classification scheme to indicate local-scale urban ventilation performance. The high spatial correlation coefficients under different seasons, day and night and precipitation conditions, ranging between 0.68 and 0.99, further affirmed that LCZ classification scheme is also suitable to indicate local-scale urban ventilation performance, despite without the consideration of street structure like precinct ventilation zone scheme.

Experimental investigation of aerodynamic vibrations of solar wing system

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 2217-2226 ◽  
Author(s):  
YC Kim ◽  
Y Tamura ◽  
A Yoshida ◽  
T Ito ◽  
W Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Boundary Layer Flows ◽  
Turbulence Flow ◽  
Aeroelastic Model ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
The Mean

The general characteristics of aerodynamic vibrations of a solar wing system were investigated through wind tunnel tests using an aeroelastic model under four oncoming flows. In total, 12 solar panels were suspended by cables and orientated horizontally. Distances between panels were set constant. Tests showed that the fluctuating displacement increases proportionally to the square of the mean wind speed for all wind directions in boundary-layer flows. Larger fluctuating displacements were found for boundary-layer flows with larger power-law indices. Under low-turbulence flow, the fluctuating displacement increased proportionally to the square of the mean wind speed for wind directions between 0° and 30°, but an instability vibration was observed at high mean wind speed for wind directions larger than 40°. And when the wind direction was larger than 60°, a limited vibration was observed at low mean wind speed and the instability vibration was also observed at high mean wind speed. Fluctuating displacements under grid-generated flow showed a similar trend to that of the boundary-layer flows, although the values became much smaller.

Wind Speed Change and Influence on Wind Energy in Recent 50 Years over Hexi Corridor

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
Yao Zong Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Yan Yan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Hexi Corridor ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Seasonal Wind ◽  
Speed Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Characteristics

Based on wind speed data of 13 meteorological stations in 1958-2012,Mann-Kendall nonparametric test methods was been used to study on wind speed changes in Hexi Corridor.Spatial and temporal characteristics of seasonal and monthly wind speed changes was examined. (1) The maximum wind speed appeared in the higher elevations of study area, such as Wushaoling and Mazongshan station. From east to west mean wind speed increased in Hexi Corridor.For nearly 50 years wind speed had showed decreasing trend. (2)In each season Spring with an maximum mean wind speed was 3.4m/s,the Summer mean wind speed was 2.9 m/s,Autumn mean wind speed was 2.6 m/s,the mean Winter wind speed was 2.8m/s.The seasonal wind speed mainly had decline trend, each station.has different characteristics trends (3) Mean wind speed in each month was greater than 2.5m/s,maximum monthly wind speed appeared in April was 3.5m/s,the minimum wind speed appeared in the September-October was 2.53m/s,the wind speed in March,April and May was greater than the November month,December,January.In addition to Mazongshan and Wushaoling,other station monthly wind speed showed a decreasing trend.Monthly mean wind speed in Jiuquan,Dingxin and Zhangye was slow decreasing trend.Anxi,Yumen wind decreasing trend were more obvious.(4)Wind decreasing trend will have a significant impact on wind energy, wind speed changes and wind energy should be evaluated in the future.

Wind tunnel tests on the characteristics of wind fields over a simplified gorge

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1599-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Hu ◽  
Yongle Li ◽  
Yan Han ◽  
CS Cai ◽  
Guoji Xu
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
The Mean

Characteristics of wind fields over the gorge or valley terrains are becoming more and more important to the structural wind engineering. However, the studies on this topic are very limited. To obtain the fundamental characteristics information about the wind fields over a typical gorge terrain, a V-shaped simplified gorge, which was abstracted from some real deep-cutting gorges where long-span bridges usually straddle, was introduced in the present wind tunnel studies. Then, the wind characteristics including the mean wind speed, turbulence intensity, integral length scale, and the wind power spectrum over the simplified gorge were studied in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer. Furthermore, the effects of the oncoming wind field type and oncoming wind direction on these wind characteristics were also investigated. The results show that compared with the oncoming wind, the wind speeds at the gorge center become larger, but the turbulence intensities and the longitudinal integral length scales become smaller. Generally, the wind fields over the gorge terrain can be approximately divided into two layers, that is, the gorge inner layer and the gorge outer layer. The different oncoming wind field types have remarkable effects on the mean wind speed ratios near the ground. When the angle between the oncoming wind and the axis of the gorge is in a certain small range, such as smaller than 10°, the wind fields are very close to those associated with the wind direction of 0°. However, when the angle is in a larger range, such as larger than 20°, the wind fields in the gorge will significantly change. The research conclusions can provide some references for civil engineering practices regarding the characteristics of wind fields over the real gorge terrains.

scholarly journals Spreadsheet solution for the computation of the mean wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles according to the Romanian standard

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Elena-Alexandra Chiulan ◽  
Andrei-Mugur Georgescu ◽  
Costin-Ioan Coşoiu ◽  
Anton Anton
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Turbulence Intensity ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Wind Speed Profile ◽  
Wind Action ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
The Mean

The presented paper focuses on the computation of the mean wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles for all the cities from Romania. The calculation of both, the mean wind speed profile and the turbulence intensity profile, had as mathematical support the equations presented in the Romanian design standard for wind action CR 1-1-4/2012. The main objective of this paper was to provide a tool for the computation of the two wind action features. This method was based on creating a spreadsheet in Excel with which, in just a few seconds, a user could correctly obtain the two wind characteristics. This Excel dashboard can be used as a teaching material for students as well as input data for structural design engineers in the process of modelling and observing the behaviour of a building excited by wind action on a particular city in Romania.

ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN-LEVEL WIND VELOCITY IN FOUR NEIGHBOURHOODS IN KLANG VALLEY

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azli Abd Razak ◽  
Mohd Azhari Mohd Rodzi ◽  
Amirul Hakim Jumali ◽  
Sheikh Ahmad Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Frontal Area ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Pollution Dispersion ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Mean Wind Speed ◽  
Klang Valley ◽  
The Mean

Urban ventilation is important for the purpose of pollution dispersion, indoor ventilation for free running buildings and urban thermal comfort. In comparison to suburban cities, high-density cities have very low wind speeds at pedestrian level due to the densely built buildings blocking the wind and creating stagnant zones locally. Under this circumstance, field measurements were performed to investigate the performance of pedestrian wind at four major cities in Klang Valley. Mean wind speed was measured using anemometers at 1 minute data interval for 3 hours  and the  data collection for each case were obtained at pedestrian level. The mean wind speed ratio was plotted against the frontal area ratio and plan area ratio. The result indicates that: (1) the mean wind speed dramatically decreases with the increase of plan area ratio and (2) the mean wind speed exponentially decreases with the increase of frontal area ratio and qualitatively agrees with the power law relationship which is proposed by previous researcher. In addition, the frontal area ratio is considered as a better parameter to evaluate the performance of urban ventilation. 

scholarly journals Analyzing the Contribution of Human Mobility to Changes in Air Pollutants: Insights from the COVID-19 Lockdown in Wuhan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 836
Author(s):  
Jiansheng Wu ◽  
Yun Qian ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Na Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Sensitivity Experiments ◽  
Scenario Analyses ◽  
The City

During the COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan, transportation, industrial production and other human activities declined significantly, as did the NO2 concentration. In order to assess the relative contributions of different factors to reductions in air pollutants, we implemented sensitivity experiments by Random Forest (RF) models, with the comparison of the contributions of meteorological conditions, human mobility, and emissions from industry and households between different periods. In addition, we conducted scenario analyses to suggest an appropriate limit for control of human mobility. Different mechanisms for air pollutants were shown in the pre-pandemic, pre-lockdown, lockdown, and post-pandemic periods. Wind speed and the Within-city Migration index, representing intra-city mobility intensity, were excluded from stepwise multiple linear models in the pre-lockdown and lockdown periods. The results of sensitivity experiments show that, in the COVID-19 lockdown period, 73.3% of the reduction can be attributed to decreased human mobility. In the post-pandemic period, meteorological conditions control about 42.2% of the decrease, and emissions from industry and households control 40.0%, while human mobility only contributes 17.8%. The results of the scenario analysis suggest that the priority of restriction should be given to human mobility within the city than other kinds of human mobility. The reduction in the NO2 concentration tends to be smaller when human mobility within the city decreases by more than 70%. A limit of less than 40% on the control of the human mobility can achieve a better effect, especially in cities with severe traffic pollution.

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Meteorological Parameters on Man-Made Pollution by Carcinogenicly Dangerous Chemicals in the Voronezh Air Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
S.A. Kurolap ◽  
V.S. Petrosyan ◽  
O.V. Klepikov ◽  
V.V. Kulnev ◽  
D.Yu. Martynov
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Maximum Permissible Level ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Based on the analysis of official statistics from the Voronezh Hydrometeorological Service, the patterns of the dynamics of pollutants (formaldehyde and soot) are investigated depending on the combination of various meteorological parameters — air temperature, wind speed, relative air humidity. A positive relationship has been established between the increase in atmospheric pollution with formaldehyde and air temperature. With increasing wind speed and relative humidity, the concentration of formaldehyde and soot in the atmosphere of the city, as a rule, decrease. The maximum permissible level of carcinogenic risk to public health has been established, causing concern. The obtained patterns can be used to predict the level of technogenic pollution of the city’s atmosphere, depending on meteorological conditions.

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