scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas9-mediated editing of myb28 impairs glucoraphanin accumulation of Brassica oleracea in the field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhaela Neequaye ◽  
Sophia Stavnstrup ◽  
Tom Lawrenson ◽  
Penny Hundleby ◽  
Perla Troncoso-Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Knockout Mutant ◽  
Glucosinolate Biosynthesis ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Indole Glucosinolate ◽  
Cysteine Sulfoxide ◽  
Aliphatic Glucosinolate

SummaryWe sought to quantify the role of MYB28 in the regulation of aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis and associated sulphur metabolism in field-grown B. oleracea with the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing technology. We describe the first characterised myb28 knockout mutant in B. oleracea, and the first UK field trial of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene edited plants under the European Court of Justice interpretation of the 2001/18 EU GMO directive. We report that knocking-out myb28 results in downregulation of aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis genes and reduction in accumulation of the methionine-derived glucosinolate, glucoraphanin, in leaves and florets of field-grown myb28 mutant broccoli plants. There were no significant changes to the accumulation of sulphate, S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide and indole glucosinolate in leaf and floret tissues.

scholarly journals La posición de las sentencias del tribunal de justicia de la Unión Europea en el sistema constitucional de fuentes

2017 ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miryam Rodríguez-Izquierdo Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Law System ◽  
Spanish Law ◽  
Spanish Constitution ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
El Sistema

Este artículo propone un análisis sistemático de la posición de las sentencias del Tribunal de Justicia en el sistema constitucional de fuentes. El análisis parte de dos premisas: la primera es la de que los órdenes normativos supranacional y estatal tienen autonomía formal, pero no material; la segunda es que la integración del Derecho de la Unión en el ordenamiento estatal no puede explicarse sin la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia. Se describen los efectos de las sentencias del juez europeo en el orden supranacional, para luego ver cómo se transfieren al sistema de fuentes estatal, teniendo en cuenta la función integradora de la Constitución tanto en el plano interior como en el exterior.This article is a review of the different kind of rulings made by the European Court of Justice, in order to find their function and position in the Spanish Law system. The analysis is made under two assumptions: the first one about the formal autonomy but material dependency between EU and Spanish law systems; the second one is that the European Court of Justice case law rules over the interaction between both systems. Formal and substantive effects of ECJ rulings over both systems are described and analysed, considering the integrating role of the Spanish Constitution.

The European Court of Justice, More than a Teleological Court

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 373-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertina Albors Llorens
Keyword(s):  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ec Law

The judgments of the Community judicature are often subject to intense scrutiny by the media and by academic writers. The European Court of Justice, in particular, is regularly accused of being by and large an “activist” court, namely a court that construes EC law in the light of the objective the judges are trying to pursue. In particular, it is argued that the European Court uses the teleological method of interpretation to enhance the effectiveness of Community law at the expense of the written legal texts. Several studies have been published on the supposed “activist” role of the European Court and as many (or more) have been written in defence of the Court. The common denominator of all these works is that they are selective.

Comparative Law and the Europeanization of Private Law

2006 ◽  
pp. 538-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Law ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Third ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Do So

The gradual emergence of a European private law is one of the most significant contemporary legal developments. Comparative law scholarship has played an important role in this process and will continue to do so. This article discusses the Europeanization of private law as a new and challenging task for comparative law. The second section considers the Europeanization of private law, describing the creation of the European Union and the role of the European Court of Justice. The third section discusses European legal scholarship. The fourth section cites the contributions of comparative law. The last two sections discuss current and future trends for the European private law.

scholarly journals The Political Role of the European Court of Justice: How the EU Institutional Thresholds Shield the Integrationist Power of the Court

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
Roberto Reyes Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this paper is to analyse how the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has been a fundamental factor in the integration process of the European Union, in spite of the obstacles posed by the intergovernmental dynamics that have traditionally hindered the construction of a stronger, cohesive and more integrated Europe. Important principles such as direct effect or supremacy of EU law have been developed through ECJ rulings and case law, even when such principles were not literally foreseen in the foundational Treaties. Therefore, this paper argues that the role and power of the Court as an “indirect law-maker” have been essential for the construction of the European Union, and this has been possible due to the complexities and weaknesses of the legislative process involving the three main decision-makers: the Commission, the Council of the EU, and the European Parliament.

scholarly journals The Randstad Case: Melki Reloaded? The Fundamental Right to Effective Judicial Protection as Battleground for Judicial Supremacy in European Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Orlando Scarcello
Keyword(s):  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
European Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Judicial Supremacy ◽  
Judicial Protection ◽  
The Eu

This paper will examine the recent preliminary reference to the European Court of Justice issued by the Italian Court of Cassation in the Randstad case, aimed at rearranging the internal constitutional separation between ordinary and administrative courts (article 111(8) of the Constitution). I will first provide some context on both the relations between Italian and EU courts (2.1) and on the confrontation between the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court in interpreting article 111 (2.2). I will then specifically examine the referring order to the Court of Justice of the EU (3), focusing on the role of general clauses of EU law as articles 4(3) and 19 TEU and 47 of the Charter in it. Finally, I will consider the instrumental use of EU law made by the Cassation to overcome an unpleasant constitutional arrangement. This aligns Randstad with previous cases such as Melki or A v. B and may foster constitutional conflict in the future. 

scholarly journals The Euro Group’s Informality and locus standi before the European Court of Justice: Council v. K. Chrysostomides & Co. and Others

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-936
Author(s):  
Giacomo Rugge
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Locus Standi ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Economic Constitution ◽  
Judicial Proceedings

This article provides an analysis of the recent European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) judgment in Council v. K. Chrysostomides & Co. and Others. After the Cypriot financial and banking crisis of 2012-13, the case raised the issue as to whether the Euro Group could be considered as an ‘institution’ for the purposes of non-contractual liability under Art. 340 para. 2 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Court replied in the negative, offering a set of arguments on the nature and role of the Euro Group within the European economic constitution and on the legal protection of individuals vis-à-vis austerity measures. The article summarises and criticises those arguments, showing how this judgment of the Court has made the Euro Group essentially immune against judicial proceedings, despite its pivotal role in the management of European economic and monetary issues.

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