Police Training in Practice: Organization and Delivery According to European Law Enforcement Agencies

Police training plays a crucial role in the development of police officers. Because the training of police officers combines various educational components and is governed by organizational guidelines, police training is a complex, multifaceted topic. The current study investigates training at six European law enforcement agencies and aims to identify strengths and challenges of current training organization and practice. We interviewed a total of 16 police instructors and seven police coordinators with conceptual training tasks. A thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006; Terry et al., 2017) was conducted and results organized in the two main themes evident across all six law enforcement agencies: organization of training and delivery of training. Results show that governmental structures and police executive boards are seen as the primary authorities that define the training framework in which police instructors operate. These administrative structures regulate distant and immediate resources, such as available training time, training facilities, equipment, and personnel. Within the confines of available resources and predetermined training frameworks, results indicate that police instructors thoroughly enjoy teaching, creating supportive and motivating learning environments, and applying their personal learning perspectives to training. Nonetheless, police instructors are critical of the level of training they are able to achieve with the available resources.

A Republic of distrust, fear and division. Rethinking contemporary Polish Experience

The system of governance in contemporary Poland is founded mainly on a negative narrative of distrust. That narrative brought to power the country’s present scaremongering rulers. They continue feeding the public with frightening stories of an influx of refugees, threats of war and terrorist attacks, evils of globalisation and a loss of cultural identity to foreign ways of life. A balance between distrust of rulers and trust in them is part of democracy’s constitutional identity. Those currently in power sow distrust in liberal democracy and its values – they violate the constitution, stir up distrust of elites, and make attempts at bringing the judiciary to heelwhile staging judges bashing propaganda campaigns. Distrust of European law and European institutions is part and parcel of this process. The negative narrative weakens and threatens to disenfranchise civil society, blurring the line between law and lawlessness. It also weakens those in power.

Swobody rynku wewnętrznego a ograniczenia obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi

This article aimed to outline the relationship between the freedoms of the internal market and agricultural real estate transactions in the Member States of the European Union. National regulations limiting the possibility of agricultural property acquisition are often considered as violations of European law. However, restrictions can be justified by the reasons listed in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and mandatory requirements. Moreover, nowadays, it is necessary to find the most appropriate response to natural habitat devastation. A proper land economy can have a tremendous role in preserving the planet; therefore, it seems that every analysis of national restrictions must include the impact of the laws on the environment.

Režimy správního práva

The administrative law regime means a typical legal construction, which expresses the way of connecting an administrative law norm with this norm anticipated administrative law relationship through a certain legally significant fact. From the point of view of public administration addressees, it is appropriate to differ regimes of granting rights and regimes of imposing obligations primarily. Many regimes have a superstructure (secondary) nature, they assume the earlier existence of other (primary) rights and obligations. In addition to unilateral regimes, there are also bilateral or multilateral regimes of administrative law, which are an expression of cooperation in connection with the performance of public administration. From the point of view of public administration bodies, it is possible to distinguish several (administrative) regimes of exercise of their competence (powers). A kind of complement is the regimes that determine the boundaries of administrative regulation (between public law and civil law; between national law and European law). The application of some regimes or their combination typically results in the general administrative law concepts (= the tangles of administrative law norms cemented by the need and effort to solve certain idealized situations, deprived of their specific content). The research of administrative law regimes may perhaps contribute to a more plastic and systematic doctrinal characterization of material administrative law.

PRERADA TUĐE STVARI U DOMAĆEM POZITIVNOM PRAVU

Before the accession to European Union, Serbia must regulate the entire field of property law in order to meet the harmonization of the European law with an adequate national legislation. In this process the priority should be given to regulating the institutes which are not comprehensively regulated in the positive law, that is which have a lot of legal gaps that are difficult to fill in, such is the institute of obtaining the property by transforming a thing belonging to another person without his consent, especially by using his materials to form a new object, becoming the proprietor of the same (specificatio). In the first three parts of the paper, the author introduces to the readers the methods for acquiring the property in this way, the possibility of returning the transformed object to the original state and the possible criteria for discussing the relationship between the person who performs the alteration and the owner of the material. In the next two parts, the author presents and analyses the national provisions regulating this matter with the critical overview of the following situations: when only one party is a conscientious participant and when both parties in the alteration are conscientious or not conscientious participants. In the concluding remarks, the author formulates her own suggestions how these provisions should be regulated in future.

Recognition of Older Adults as a Heterogeneous Social Group

Human rights of older adults are still not sufficiently developed. This paper will explore how the rights of older adults are regulated by European law and whether European law sufficiently recognizes older adults as a heterogeneous social group. The population of the European Union is growing older. According to the European Commission’s reports, age discrimination in Europe is widespread. Therefore, the concept of work and retirement system as well as the perception of older adults should be transformed. Discrimination against older adults and various forms of inequality are amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF GUILT IN EUROPEAN MEDIEVAL LAW

Постоянная потребность исследователей в углубленном изучении проблем вины и ответственности определяется не только задачами совершенствования законодательства и правоприменительной практики, но и изменчивостью представлений людей об основаниях, пределах, формах и целях ответственности лица, представлений, отражающих реальный процесс исторического развития общественных отношений и практики их правового регулирования. В работе исследована деятельность средневекового законодателя по разграничению умысла и неосторожности как двух форм вины при совершении преступлений против личности, а также разграничение виновного причинения вреда от казуса. Автор пришел к выводу о том, что в источниках европейского права VIII-XVI вв. законодатель значительное место уделяет внутреннему (субъективному) отношению лица к совершенному правонарушению и его последствиям. Выявление и учет таких признаков субъективной стороны деяния, как вина, мотив и цель, существенно влиял на квалификацию деяния и назначение наказания либо приводил к освобождению от ответственности ввиду отсутствия субъективной стороны правонарушения (вины) как одного из элементов состава правонарушения. В работе показано, каким образом законодатель учитывал влияние субъективного отношения лица к совершенному деянию при установлении юридической ответственности. The constant need of researchers for an in-depth study of the problems of guilt and responsibility is determined not only by the tasks of improving legislation and law enforcement practice, but also by the variability of people's ideas about the grounds, limits, forms and purposes of a person's responsibility, ideas that reflect the real process of the historical development of social relations and the practice of their legal regulation. The work examines the activities of the medieval legislator to differentiate intent and negligence as two forms of guilt when committing crimes against the person, as well as the differentiation of guilty harm from an incident. The author came to the conclusion that in the sources of European law of the VIII-XVI centuries. For centuries, the legislator has given a significant place to the internal (subjective) attitude of a person to a committed offense and its consequences. The identification and consideration of such signs of the subjective side of the act as guilt, motive and purpose significantly influenced the qualification of the act and the appointment of punishment, or led to release from liability due to the absence of the subjective side of the offense (guilt) as one of the elements of the offense. The work shows how the legislator took into account the influence of a person's subjective attitude to the committed act when establishing legal responsibility.

Demokrasi dan lingkungan

DEMOKRASI DAN LINGKUNGANNama: Desem SoinbalaNim :2121B1001Prodi :S1 Kesehatan Masyerakat [email protected] IIK STARADA INDONESIAAbstractDiskusi mengenai kaitan antara kondisi lingkungan dengan pola penyelenggaraan pemerintahan (governance) mulai menghangat pada tahun 1990an. Bentuk negara modern yaitu negara kesejahteraan yang diadopsi oleh kebanyakan negara di dunia, menuntut keterlibatan aktif negara dalam segala aspek kehidupan masyarakatnya, termasuk pengelolaan lingkungan.Berdasarkan pemikiran tersebut maka kondisi lingkungan bergantung kepada penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Berdasar pada keterkaitannya tersebut, kebijakan dan hukum lingkungan di dunia saat ini mengarahkan model pemerintahan yang mendukung pengelolaan lingkungan yang baik. Konferensi PBB tentang Lingkungan dan Pembangunan (UNCED), tahun 1992 dan Konvensi Arrhus, tahun 1998 memiliki landasan pemikiran yang sama, bahwa pola pemerintahan yang baik bagi pengelolaan lingkungan adalah pemerintahan yang memastikan adanya partisipasi masyarakat.Dengan demikian keduanya mensyaratkan pemerintahan yang demokratis. Demokrasi dalam pengelolaan lingkungan kemudian dianggap memberikan pengaruh positif bagi kualitas lingkungan. Kesimpulan tersebut didukung oleh hasil yang dikeluarkan oleh beberapa penelitian.Meskipun begitu, di sisi lain beberapa ahli berpendapat bahwa demokrasi tidak serta-merta membawa dampak positif bagi lingkungan. Salah satu alasannya adalah ada kenyataan yang sulit disangkal bahwa peningkatan polusi yang tinggi pada dekade terakhir ini berasal dari negara-negara yang dianggap sangat demokratis yaitu negara-negara kaya yang menggunakan teknologi tinggi yang menghasilkan polusi.Dengan demikian maka timbul pertanyaan kembali apakah pelaksanaan demokrasi sesungguhnya memiliki korelasi dengan kualitas lingkungan? Pertanyaan ini tentunya tidak mudah dijawab, terutama mengingat bahwa hingga saat ini demokrasi dipahami dalam berbagai macam bentuk hingga prosedur yang berbeda. Dengan demikian, pelaksanaan demokrasi dapat berbeda pada tempat yang berbeda.Tulisan ini akan membahas sejauh mana keterkaitan antara demokrasi dengan pengelolaan lingkungan. Beberapa bentuk demokrasi akan dijelaskan agar dapat dimengerti bahwa kemungkinan setiap bentuk tersebut akan memiliki pengaruh yang berbeda bagi kualitas lingkungan. Dengan demikian diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan awal bagi kajian untuk menemukan bentuk demokrasi yang benar-benar dapat melindungi dan mengatasi persoalan-persoalan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia.Desem Soinbala, F. (2021). Demokrasi dan Lingkungan. artikel Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, 1(1), 55–73. https://Osf.ios/........... Daftar Pustaka1.Bell, Stuart dan Donald McGillivray. 2006. Environmental Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.2.Budiardjo, Miriam. 2012. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Politik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.3.Butler, Brian E. 2010. “Democracy and Law: Situating Law within John Dewey‟s Democratic Vision”, Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, Vol. XII, 2010. Trieste: University of Trieste4.Calder, Gideon. 2009. “Listening, Democracy and the Environment”, In-Spire Journal of Law, Politics and Societies, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2009.5.Collins, Linda. 2007. “Are We There Yet? The Right to Environment in International and European Law,” McGill International Journal of Sustainable Development Law & Policy, Volume 3 Issue 2, 2007, 140-142.6.Cunningham, Frank. 2002. Theories of Democracy. London: Routledge.7.Dahl R.A. dan I. Shapiro________________________________________Artikel SchoralDemokrasi dan lingkungan masyerakatDesem Soinbala,MA Sodik