scholarly journals The introduction of standardised packaging and availability of illicit cigarettes: a difference-in-difference analysis of European Union survey data 2015-2018.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Laverty ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
Nicholas S Hopkinson ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Difference Analysis ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Before And After

Standardised packaging of tobacco products is intended to reduce the appeal of smoking, but the tobacco industry claims this increases illicit trade. We examined the percentage of people reporting being regularly offered illicit cigarettes before and after implementation of standardised packaging in the United Kingdom, Ireland and France and compared this to other European Union countries. Reported regular illicit tobacco exposure fell from 2.7% to 2.3% between 2015 and 2018 in the three countries implementing the policy, and from 2.3% to 1.7% in control countries (p for difference=0.320). Standardised packaging does not appear to increase the availability of illicit cigarettes.

scholarly journals Introduction of standardised packaging and availability of illicit cigarettes: a difference-in-difference analysis of European Union survey data 2015–2018

Thorax ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A Laverty ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
Nicholas S Hopkinson ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Difference Analysis ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk

Standardised packaging of tobacco products is intended to reduce the appeal of smoking, but the tobacco industry claims this increases illicit trade. We examined the percentage of people reporting being offered illicit cigarettes before and after full implementation of standardised packaging in the UK, Ireland and France and compared this to other European Union countries. Reported ever illicit cigarette exposure fell from 19.8% to 18.1% between 2015 and 2018 in the three countries fully implementing the policy, and from 19.6% to 17.0% in control countries (p for difference=0.320). Standardised packaging does not appear to increase the availability of illicit cigarettes.

scholarly journals Between disruptions and connections: “New” European Union migrants in the United Kingdom before and after the Brexit

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. e2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aija Lulle ◽  
Russell King ◽  
Veronika Dvorakova ◽  
Aleksandra Szkudlarek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals The Tobacco Industry’s Challenge to the United Kingdom’s Standardised Packaging Legislation – Global Lessons for Tobacco Control Policy?

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Jonathan Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Consultation Process ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
The Right

In 2015, legislation imposing a standardised packaging regime for tobacco products was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament. The Standardised Packaging of Tobacco Products Regulations 2015 (UK) came into effect fully from 21 May 2017 and were contested vigorously by the tobacco industry, both through the legislative consultation process and in the courts. This article focuses on the claim for judicial review brought by the industry against the Regulations, R on the Application of British American Tobacco Limited v The Secretary of State for Health. In that case, the introduction of standardised packaging was challenged on a number of grounds, including proportionality, compatibility with the right of property and with international and European Union rules on the protection of intellectual property. All these arguments were rejected in forceful terms by Green J in the High Court, and again on appeal, by the Court of Appeal. This article sets out the industry’s claims in detail and explores the grounds on which the legislation was upheld. It also outlines the European Union legal context within which the legislation operates, including the important judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Philip Morris Brands SARL and Others v Secretary of State for Health (C-547/14). It is suggested here that the reasoning in these judgments may prove instructive well beyond the borders of the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals Awareness of Changes in E-cigarette Regulations and Behavior Before and After Implementation: A Longitudinal Survey of Smokers, Ex-smokers, and Vapers in the United Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun S Lee ◽  
Samara Wilson ◽  
Timea Partos ◽  
Ann McNeill ◽  
Leonie S Brose
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Full Implementation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Introduction In line with the European Union’s Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), new regulations for electronic cigarettes implemented in the United Kingdom between May 2016 and May 2017 included limiting refills to 10 mL, tank and cartridge sizes to 2 mL, and nicotine concentrations to 20 mg/mL. Aims To investigate the (1) awareness of new regulations, (2) product use before and after implementation, and (3) association between use of compliant products and subsequent smoking. Methods A UK online longitudinal survey of smokers, ex-smokers, and vapers was conducted between May and June 2016 (wave 4) and September 2017 (wave 5).The following methods were used: (1) to assess awareness of changes, proportions were calculated by smoking and vaping status (n = 1606). (2) Comparison of refill volume, tank and cartridge volumes, nicotine concentration at waves 4 and 5 (n = 199–388) was conducted. (3) Association was studied between number of TPD-compliant products used at wave 4 and smoking at wave 5, adjusted for wave 4 vaping status, age, gender, income, urges to smoke, and device type (n = 480). Results Awareness of regulations was highest for refill volume (10.1%; 37.4% among exclusive vapers) and nicotine concentration (9.5%; 27.3%). Higher proportions used TPD-compliant refill volumes (60.0%–73.7%, χ2(1) = 10.9, p = .001) and nicotine concentrations (89.2%–93.9%, χ2(1) = 7.41, p = .007) in wave 5 than wave 4, with little change for tank or cartridge volumes (77.1–75.5%, χ2(1) = 0.38, p = .540). The likelihood of smoking was similar for those using no or one TPD-compliant products as it was for those using two (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.47–2.59) or three (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 0.69–3.55). Conclusion Several months after full implementation, awareness of new regulations was low and most vapers used TPD-compliant products. Use of compliant products was not associated with subsequent smoking. Implications Using a longitudinal survey at the beginning and a few months after the end of the transition period for implementation of new regulation on electronic cigarettes, this is the first study to assess awareness of regulation and use of compliant products. After full implementation, awareness of changes was low overall (smokers, ex-smokers, and vapers combined) although higher among those who vaped. Nevertheless, most vapers (74%–94%) used products that were compliant with the new regulations and the use of products compliant with incoming regulations did not predict whether they were smoking cigarettes after implementation.

scholarly journals An intergroup approach to collective narcissism: Intergroup threats and hostility in four European Union countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 136843022097217
Author(s):  
Rita Guerra ◽  
Kinga Bierwiaczonek ◽  
Marina Ferreira ◽  
Agnieszka Golec de Zavala ◽  
Georgios Abakoumkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Advanced Knowledge ◽  
Cross National

Although it is known that collective narcissism is associated with problematic intergroup relations, its predictors are less well understood. Two studies, conducted in four European Union countries (Germany, Greece, Portugal, the United Kingdom [UK]), tested the hypotheses that integrated (i.e., realistic and symbolic) threat (Study 1, N = 936) as well as distinctiveness threat (Study 2, N = 434) positively predict national collective narcissism and national ingroup satisfaction, but that only national collective narcissism predicts problematic intergroup relations in reference to threatening outgroups. The results were consistent with those hypotheses. The two types of threat predicted increased national collective narcissism and national ingroup satisfaction. However, only national collective narcissism was associated with negative emotions and hostile behavioral intentions toward the threatening outgroups, when its overlap with national ingroup satisfaction was partialled out. These cross-national findings advanced knowledge of predictors, as well as consequences, of collective narcissism.

Euratom and Brexit: Could the United Kingdom Maintain One Foot in the European Union? Current Scenarios and Future Prospects of British withdrawal from the EAEC

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-151
Author(s):  
Andrea Circolo ◽  
Ondrej Hamuľák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Independent Solution ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper focuses on the very topical issue of conclusion of the membership of the State, namely the United Kingdom, in European integration structures. The ques­tion of termination of membership in European Communities and European Union has not been tackled for a long time in the sources of European law. With the adop­tion of the Treaty of Lisbon (2009), the institute of 'unilateral' withdrawal was intro­duced. It´s worth to say that exit clause was intended as symbolic in its nature, in fact underlining the status of Member States as sovereign entities. That is why this institute is very general and the legal regulation of the exercise of withdrawal contains many gaps. One of them is a question of absolute or relative nature of exiting from integration structures. Today’s “exit clause” (Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union) regulates only the termination of membership in the European Union and is silent on the impact of such a step on membership in the European Atomic Energy Community. The presented paper offers an analysis of different variations of the interpretation and solution of the problem. It´s based on the independent solution thesis and therefore rejects an automa­tism approach. The paper and topic is important and original especially because in the multitude of scholarly writings devoted to Brexit questions, vast majority of them deals with institutional questions, the interpretation of Art. 50 of Treaty on European Union; the constitutional matters at national UK level; future relation between EU and UK and political bargaining behind such as all that. The question of impact on withdrawal on Euratom membership is somehow underrepresented. Present paper attempts to fill this gap and accelerate the scholarly debate on this matter globally, because all consequences of Brexit already have and will definitely give rise to more world-wide effects.

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