scholarly journals CoAI: Cost-Aware Artificial Intelligence for Health Care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Erion ◽  
Joseph D. Janizek ◽  
Carly Hudelson ◽  
Richard B. Utarnachitt ◽  
Andrew M. McCoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe recent emergence of accurate artificial intelligence (AI) models for disease diagnosis raises the possibility that AI-based clinical decision support could substantially lower the workload of healthcare providers. However, for this to occur, the input data to an AI predictive model, i.e., the patient’s features, must themselves be low-cost, that is, efficient, inexpensive, or low-effort to acquire. When time or financial resources for gathering data are limited, as in emergency or critical care medicine, modern high-accuracy AI models that use thousands of patient features are likely impractical. To address this problem, we developed the CoAI (Cost-aware AI) framework to enable any kind of AI predictive model (e.g., deep neural networks, tree ensemble models, etc.) to make accurate predictions given a small number of low-cost features. We show that CoAI dramatically reduces the cost of predicting prehospital acute traumatic coagulopathy, intensive care mortality, and outpatient mortality relative to existing risk scores, while improving prediction accuracy. It also outperforms existing state-of-the-art cost-sensitive prediction approaches in terms of predictive performance, model cost, and training time. Extrapolating these results to all trauma patients in the United States shows that, at a fixed false positive rate, CoAI could alert providers of tens of thousands more dangerous events than other risk scores while reducing providers’ data-gathering time by about 90 percent, leading to a savings of 200,000 cumulative hours per year across all providers. We extrapolate similar increases in clinical utility for CoAI in intensive care. These benefits stem from several unique strengths: First, CoAI uses axiomatic feature attribution methods that enable precise estimation of feature importance. Second, CoAI is model-agnostic, allowing users to choose the predictive model that performs the best for the prediction task and data at hand. Finally, unlike many existing methods, CoAI finds high-performance models within a given budget without any tuning of the cost-vs-performance tradeoff. We believe CoAI will dramatically improve patient care in the domains of medicine in which predictions need to be made with limited time and resources.

scholarly journals Textbook Alternative Incentive Programs at U.S. Universities: A Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-123
Author(s):  
Ashley Lierman
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Impact Measurement ◽  
Grant Programs ◽  
Incentive Programs ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Faculty Time ◽  
The Cost

Objective – This article reviews current literature on incentive grant programs for textbook alternatives at universities and their libraries. Of particular interest in this review are common patterns and factors in the design, development, and implementation of these initiatives at the programmatic level, trends in the results of assessment of programs, and unique elements of certain institutions’ programs. Methods – The review was limited in scope to studies in scholarly and professional publications of textbook alternative incentive programs at universities within the United States of America, published within ten years prior to the investigation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted and then subjected to analysis for trends and patterns. Results – Studies of these types of programs have reported substantial total cost savings to affected students compared to the relatively small financial investments that are required to establish them. The majority of incentive programs were led by university libraries, although the most successful efforts appear to have been broadly collaborative in nature. Programs are well-regarded by students and faculty, with benefits to pedagogy and access to materials beyond the cost savings to students. The field of replacing textbooks with alternatives is still evolving, however, and the required investment of faculty time and effort is still a barrier, while inconsistent approaches to impact measurement make it difficult to compare programs or establish best practices. Conclusion – Overall, the literature shows evidence of significant benefits from incentive programs at a relatively low cost. Furthermore, these programs are opportunities to establish cross-campus partnerships and collaborations, and collaboration seems to be effective at helping to reduce barriers and increase impact. Further research is needed on similar programs at community colleges and at higher education institutions internationally.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Agriculture

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken R. Tefertiller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Average Consumer ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
The Cost

Agriculture is one of the Nation’s most efficient industries. The cost of living for the average consumer would be considerably higher today without the low cost of food supplied by United States agriculture. This is particularly significant at a time when we hear so much about poverty in the United States and in other countries. Had it not been for the extremely low costs of food, there would be many more poverty stricken families today. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Real-Time Remote Health Monitoring System Driven by 5G MEC-IoT

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1753
Author(s):  
Yangan Zhang ◽  
Guichen Chen ◽  
Hang Du ◽  
Xueguang Yuan ◽  
Michel Kadoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Remote Health Monitoring ◽  
Telemedicine System ◽  
Cost Of Health Care ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Remote Health

Telemedicine over Internet of Things (IoT) generates an unprecedented amount of data, which further requires transmission, analysis, and storage. Deploying cloud computing to handle data of this magnitude will introduce unacceptable data analysis latency and high storage costs. Thus, mobile edge computing (MEC) deployed between the cloud and users, which is close to the nodes of data generation, can tackle these problems in 5G scenarios with the help of artificial intelligence. This paper proposes a telemedicine system based on MEC and artificial intelligence for remote health monitoring and automatic disease diagnosis. The integration of different technologies such as computers, medicine, and telecommunications will significantly improve the efficiency of patient treatment and reduce the cost of health care.

scholarly journals Case Study: Use of Open Education Resources in Business Capstone

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena D. Mathien
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Open Education ◽  
Learning Design ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Business Course ◽  
Open Education Resources ◽  
The Cost

Recent studies on textbook costs in the United States have indicated that there is a direct relationship between textbook costs and student success. With textbook costs increasing at a rate higher than the cost of living, many students have cited the textbook cost as an extremely important factor when obtaining (or not obtaining) a textbook. Open educational resources (OER) are tools that educators can use to supplement or build a course. OER are free for anyone to reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute and are a low-cost, tailored solution for faculty and students. There have been calls for research that demonstrates how OER are being put into practice. This case study examines the responses of users to a voluntary survey in a capstone business course that implemented OER in lieu of traditional textbooks. The study suggests that, for teachers and students, as well as self-directed learners, OER provide a valuable resource to eliminate the pay wall, improve learning design, and support the power of the community through sharing and collaboration.

Estimating costs of care for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6082-6082
Author(s):  
L. C. Paramore ◽  
S. Thomas ◽  
K. B. Knopf ◽  
L. Cragin ◽  
K. Fraeman
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Claims Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Health Plans ◽  
Costs Of Care ◽  
The Cost

6082 Background: The cost of treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has become a significant component of overall cancer care due to its high incidence and the increasing duration of patient survival. This study examines the resource use patterns and costs of care for patients with incident metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) based on analyses of retrospective claims data from selected health plans in the United States. Methods: A case-control analysis was performed using claims data from over 70 US health plans representing 40 million lives from years 1998–2004. Incident mCRC cases were identified based on evidence of a colorectal cancer diagnosis and a metastatic disease diagnosis. Incident mCRC cases could have no other evidence of cancer in the one-year period prior to the date of their first mCRC diagnosis. Cases were matched to non-mCRC controls based on age, gender, geographic region and duration of plan enrollment. Costs were evaluated by phase of disease: diagnosis, treatment, or death phases. Ordinary least squares regressions were performed to evaluate impact of covariates in each phase. Results: Total costs in the follow-up period averaged $97,031 higher for mCRC cases (N=) than for controls. The main cost drivers for mCRC were hospitalizations ($37,369) and specialist visits ($34,582) which included chemotherapy administration. Approximately 40% of the 672 mCRC patients who qualified for the phase analysis were identified with a fatal event during follow-up. Monthly costs were similar in the diagnostic phase ($12,394) and death phase ($12,069), but were significantly lower in the treatment phase ($4,653). Both mean/median monthly costs increased over time during the study period, regardless of disease phase. Conclusion: The economic burden of mCRC is substantial for patients in commercial health plans in the U.S., and costs of care have increased substantially in recent years. Further research is needed to assess the cost impact of newer targeted therapies for the treatment of mCRC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

PACS Failure Mode and Effects

2010 ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
Carrison K.S. Tong ◽  
Eric T.T. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Medical Error ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Leadership Standards ◽  
The Cost

There are some medical errors for which preventability is rarely questioned. These include medical errors such as wrong site surgery, wrong procedure, wrong patient operations (Seiden & Barach, 2006; Michaels et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2007), wrong drug/dose/duration (Pugh et al., 2005) or incompatible organ transplantation (Cook et al., 2007). Less preventable medical errors include judgment type errors such as case studies reported in journals, where one or more experts review the treatment decisions of a clinician and conclude that the clinician’s judgment was incorrect (Lukela et al., 2005). Many healthcare managers first heard about Failure Mode and Effects Analysis FMEA when Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) released its Leadership Standards and Elements of Performance Guidelines in July 2002 (JCAHO, 2002). The purpose of performing an FMEA for JCAHO was to identify where and when possible system failures could occur and to prevent those problems before they happen. If a particular, failure could not be prevented, then the goal would be to prevent the issue from affecting healthcare organizations in the accreditation process. FMEA is a tool that when performed adequately, can reduce the risk of preventable medical errors. Hospitals in the United States that are accredited by JCAHO are required to perform at least one FMEA each year. The main output of FMEA is a series of mitigations, each of which is some process change implemented to reduce the risk of error. Because resources are limited, implementing all mitigations is not possible so the challenge is to find the set of mitigations that provides the highest reduction in risk for the least cost. Hence, preventability may be viewed in terms of the cost and effectiveness of mitigation. A low-cost and effective mitigation is associated with a highly preventable medical error, whereas a high-cost and or less effective mitigation is associated with a less preventable medical error. Currently AAPM TG 100 (2007) is reviewing reports from previous task groups and from several professional organizations. This group is also reviewing ISO guidelines in an effort develop a suitable general QA approach that “balances patient safety and quality versus resources commonly available and strikes a good balance between prescriptiveness and flexibility.” The TG 100 initiative identifies three industrial engineering–based tools as potential components of a QA management system in radiation therapy and FMEA is one of them.

Prognostic Scoring Systems: Facing Difficult Decisions with Objective Data

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Sasse
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assisted Ventilation ◽  
Intensive Care Patients ◽  
Coronary Care ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Prognostic Scoring Systems

In the United States, at least 6% of all hospital beds are in the intensive care unit (ICU) or coronary care unit. The cost of treating a patient in an intensive care unit averages from $2,000 to $3,500 per day. At least 10–40% of intensive care patients will not survive to hospital discharge. Today, every major category of disease may be found in the modern ICU; common diagnoses are septicemia, postsurgical complications, cerebrovascular accidents, gastrointestinal bleeding, neoplasia, and respiratory failure. ICUs employ some of the most sophisticated medical technology, routinely monitoring the cardiopulmonary performance of patients and often providing assisted ventilation. ICUs are high intensity in terms of their staffing, involving 24-hour physician supervision and nurse:patient ratios from 1:3 to 1:1.

scholarly journals An Overview of Photovoltaic Power Systems

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Backus
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cell Arrays ◽  
Output Concentration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multiple Cells

The United States is supporting a very aggressive research and development program in the field of photovoltaics. The goals of this program are to reduce the cost of solar cell arrays to a capital cost of 50¢/peak watt by the year 1986. The long-term goals are to achieve 10 to 30¢/peak watt by 1990 or 2000. The photovoltaic community is optimistic that the 1986 goals will be met with the use of silicon solar cells. The longer term goal may require the development of new thin film photovoltaic devices. As the price of solar cell arrays continues to decrease; the number of applications that are economically justified increases. The present production rates of photovoltaic arrays are close to 1 MW of production per year. The maximum expected efficiencies of 20 to 25 percent have already been achieved. Thus, cost reduction must come about through producing cells per unit area more cheaply. A separate alternative for producing low cost electricity from solar cells is to concentrate sunlight onto the cell, thus reducing the area of the cell per unit electrical output. Concentration systems also make available the option of using multiple cells to increase the overall conversion of sunlight to electricity. One two-cell concentration system has already demonstrated 28.5 percent efficiency.

Nosocomial Infection in an Intensive-Care Unit Identification of Risk Factors

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 825-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Fernandez-Crehuet ◽  
Carmen Diaz-Molina ◽  
Jokin de Irala ◽  
Diego Martinez-Concha ◽  
Inmaculada Salcedo-Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Extrinsic Risk

AbstractObjective:To identify risk factors predictive of nosocomial infection in an intensive-care unit (ICU) and to identify patients with a higher risk of nosocomial infection using a predictive model of nosocomial infection in our ICU.Design:Prospective study; daily concurrent surveillance of intensive-care-unit patients.Setting/Patients:All patients admitted for at least 24 hours to the ICU of a tertiary-level hospital from February to November 1994 were followed daily.Methods:Variables measuring extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors for nosocomial infection were collected on each patient during their ICU stay, and the Cox Proportional Hazards multivariable technique was used to identify the variables significantly associated with infection.Results:The population studied consisted of 944 patients. The main risk factors identified were intrinsic; the significant extrinsic risk ofactors identified were head of the bed in a horizontal (<30°) position (this variable presented the highest increase of the infection hazard ratio) and the use of sedative medication. Patients presenting the highest risk scores using the predictive model are those with the highest risk of nosocomial infection.Conclusion:The important preventive measures derived from our results are that underlying conditions suffered by the patient at the ICU admission should be corrected promptly, the depression of the patient's level of consciousness with sedatives should be monitored carefully, and the horizontal position of the head of the bed should be avoided totally. Patients with a high risk of infection can be the target of special preventive measures.

scholarly journals Global Perspective for Protecting Intellectual Property – Patenting in USA and Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Michalene Eva Grebski ◽  
Radosław Wolniak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Patent Application ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
Protecting Intellectual Property ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Paper addresses the different methods for protecting intellectual property in modern knowledge-based economies. The focus of the paper is a comparison between the procedures for applying for patents in Poland and the United States. The comparison has been made from the perspective of the cost of obtaining and maintaining a patent in Poland, the United States and some other countries. The comparison has also been made from the perspective of the procedures for applying for a patent in different countries based on the Patent Cooperation Treaty. The paper also includes a comparison of the time needed for processing the patent application. Low cost provisional twelve-month patent pending protection available in the United States is also being discussed. The paper also provides some guidance and recommendations for conducting a patent search in order to validate the originality of the invention.

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