scholarly journals Larval zebrafish display dynamic learning of aversive stimuli in a constant visual surrounding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiale Xu ◽  
Romelo Casanave ◽  
Su Guo
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dynamic Learning ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Learning Patterns ◽  
Stimulus Specificity

AbstractBalancing exploration and anti-predation are fundamental to the fitness and survival of all animal species from early life stages. How these basic survival instincts drive learning remains poorly understood. Here, employing a light/dark preference paradigm with well-controlled luminance history and constant visual surrounding in larval zebrafish, we analyzed intra- and inter-trial dynamics for two behavioral components, dark avoidance and center avoidance. We uncover that larval zebrafish display short-term learning of dark avoidance with initial sensitization followed by habituation; they also exhibit long-term learning that is sensitive to trial interval length. We further show that such stereotyped learning patterns is stimulus specific, as they are not observed for center avoidance. Finally, we demonstrate at individual levels that long-term learning is under homeostatic control. Together, our work has established a novel paradigm to understand learning, uncovered sequential sensitization and habituation, and demonstrated stimulus specificity, individuality, as well as dynamicity in learning.

scholarly journals Design of fault trees as a practical method for risk analysis of CCS: Application to the different life stages of deep aquifer storage, combining long-term and short-term issues

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 4193-4198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Régis Farret ◽  
Philippe Gombert ◽  
Franz Lahaie ◽  
Auxane Cherkaoui ◽  
Stéphane Lafortune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Deep Aquifer ◽  
Fault Trees ◽  
Aquifer Storage

Long-Term Biological Damage: What is Known, and How Should that Influence Decisions on Response, Assessment, and Restoration?

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. Carls ◽  
Ron Heintz ◽  
Adam Moles ◽  
Stanley D. Rice ◽  
Jeffrey W. Short
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Damage Scenarios

ABSTRACT Immediate damage from an oil spill is usually obvious (oiled birds, oiled shoreline), but long-term damage to either fauna or habitat is more subtle, difficult to measure, difficult to evaluate, and hence often controversial. The question is, are too many of response decisions such as dispersant use or shoreline cleanup based on short-term acute toxicity models? Have long-term damage scenarios been discounted because of the inherent difficulty in deriving definitive answers? Experience with the Exxon Valdez oil spill is shedding new light on the potential for long-term damage. Government-funded studies demonstrated that oil persists in certain habitats for extended periods of time, such as the intertidal reaches of salmon streams, in soft sediments underlying mussel beds, and on cobble beaches armored with large boulders. Observation of long-term persistence of oil in some habitats is not new, but an increasing number of studies indicate that fauna may be chronically and significantly exposed to oil in these habitats. The toxic components in oil responsible for much of the long-term effects are believed to be the larger 3- and 4-ring polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that can induce cellular and genetic effects rather than the narcotic monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) responsible for acute mortalities. Observation of long-term persistence of Exxon Valdez oil, coupled with adverse effects on sensitive life stages, leads to the conclusion that strategies based on minimizing acute mortalities immediately following a spill probably do not provide adequate protection against long-term damage. When making environmental decisions in response to a spill (prevention measures or restoration measures), more weight should probably be given to long-term issues rather than discounting their significance. Total environmental cost is the sum of short-term damage and long-term damage, and long term-damage to habitats and sensitive life stages probably needs more consideration even though it is very difficult to evaluate and compare to the relatively obvious acute issues.

scholarly journals Long-term consistency of personality traits of cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather W. Neave ◽  
Joao H. C. Costa ◽  
Daniel M. Weary ◽  
Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time

Personality is often defined as the behaviour of individual animals that is consistent across contexts and over time. Personality traits may become unstable during stages of ontogeny from infancy to adulthood, especially during major periods of development such as around the time of sexual maturation. The personality of domesticated farm animals has links with productivity, health and welfare, but to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the development and stability of personality traits across developmental life stages in a mammalian farm animal species. Here, we describe the consistency of personality traits across ontogeny in dairy cattle from neonate to first lactation as an adult. The personality traits ‘bold’ and ‘exploratory’, as measured by behavioural responses to novelty, were highly consistent during the earlier (before and after weaning from milk) and later (after puberty to first lactation) rearing periods, but were not consistent across these rearing periods when puberty occurred. These findings indicate that personality changes in cattle around sexual maturation are probably owing to major physiological changes that are accelerated under typical management conditions at this time. This work contributes to the understanding of the ontogeny of behaviour in farm animals, especially how and why individuals differ in their behaviour.

Acute and Chronic Toxicity of a glyphosate on Danio rerio

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
H. El Joumani ◽  
M. El Alami ◽  
M. Naciri
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
The World ◽  
Percent Mortality

Glyphosate herbicides are the most widely produced and used herbicides in the world. The intensive applications of glyphosate and its half-life in water result into many aquatic ecosystems. The present study focuses on the evaluation of glyphosate toxicity on the early life stages of the fish Danio rerio. Analysis of the test results revealed that glyphosate is toxic to zebrafish. This effect is marked by the increase in percent mortality at peak concentrations. Long-term exposure to glyphosate affects the hatching rate, heart rate and swimming ability of zebrafish. Significant malformations were observed at the highest concentration in the form of tail bending or fin absence.

scholarly journals Why Social Exclusion Persists among Older People in Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyana Miranti ◽  
Peng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Older Person ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Long Term Consequences

The existing literature on social exclusion among older people, though relatively limited, suggests that disadvantage among older people is cumulative in nature. Some aspects of disadvantage starting at early life stages have long-term consequences. As such, older people with disadvantages may be subject to higher risks of persistent social exclusion. This article aims to improve understanding of social exclusion and its persistence among senior Australians in three ways. Firstly, the incidence of social exclusion among older people is analysed using selected indicators. Secondly, the study examines whether an older person experiencing social exclusion at one time is more likely to experience it again (persistence). Thirdly, it investigates what factors may be protecting older people from social exclusion. The analysis is conducted using the first eight waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The sample of older people is disaggregated into a younger group (55–64 years at wave 1) and an older group (65+ years). The article suggests that higher education and income, as well as better health conditions and previous employment experiences, are important protective factors from social exclusion for older Australians.

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