scholarly journals ‘Trained immunity’ from Mycobacterium spp. (environmental or BCG) exposure predicts protection from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Singh ◽  
Rakesh K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Mycobacterium Spp

ABSTRACTEndeavors to identify protective variables that could be potentially responsible for reduced COVID-19 impact on certain populations have remained a priority. Multiple attempts have been made to attribute the reduced COVID-19 impact on populations to their bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination coverage ignoring the fact that the effect of childhood BCG vaccination wanes within the first 5 years of life while most of the COVID-19 cases as well as deaths have been observed in adults especially the aged with comorbidities. Since the supposed desired protection being investigated could come from heterologous ‘trained immunity’ conferred by exposure to Mycobacterium spp. (i.e., environmental and BCG), it is argued that the estimates of the prevalence of ‘trained immunity’ of populations currently available as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) of populations would be a better variable to evaluate such assertions. Indeed, when we analyze the European populations (twenty-four) as well as erstwhile East and West Germany populations completely disregarding their BCG vaccination coverage, the populations with higher trained immunity prevalence consistently display reduced COVID-19 impact as compared to their lower trained immunity prevalence neighbors. The incidences, mortality, and interim case fatality rates (i-CFR) of COVID-19 are found negatively correlated with the trained immunity of populations that have comparable underlying confounders not the BCG coverage per se. It is submitted that to decisively arrive at dependable conclusions about the potential protective benefit that can be gained from BCG vaccination in COVID-19, the ongoing/planned randomized controlled trials should consciously consider including measures of trained immunity as - a) all individuals immunized do not respond equally, b) small study groups of higher background trained immunity could fail to indicate any protective effect.

History of BCG Vaccination Recommendations in East and West Germany from 1951 to Date

Pneumologie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 811-812
Author(s):  
B. Häcker ◽  
S. H. E. Kaufmann ◽  
T. Bauer ◽  
R. Otto-Knapp
Keyword(s):  
West Germany ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Vaccination Recommendations ◽  
History Of ◽  
East And West

scholarly journals “Trained immunity” from Mycobacterium spp. exposure or BCG vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e1008969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Singh ◽  
Rajendra Prakash Maurya ◽  
Rakesh K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Mycobacterium Spp

scholarly journals Correlation between COVID-19 case fatality rate and percentage of BCG vaccination: is it true the vaccine is protective?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliae A. R. Mohamed Hussein ◽  
Marwa Rashad Salem ◽  
Samar Salman ◽  
A F Abdulrahim ◽  
Nasrallah A. Al Massry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Different Populations

Abstract Background The observations of some recent epidemiological studies offer hope for a reduced impact of COVID-19 for countries which practice universal BCG vaccination policy. Main body This report provides a correlation between the case fatality rates of COVID-19 and the percentage of BCG vaccination coverage in 183 most affected countries. The main objective of this observational ecologic report is to evaluate possible effects of the previous BCG vaccination in different populations and the epidemic outcomes specially the rates of severe/critical cases and case fatalities. The analysis is preliminary since it is based on constantly rolling data while the COVID-19 pandemic is still unfolding. Conclusion Our findings seem to support the fact that an older BCG vaccine may have a protective role in avoiding severe/critical SARS-CoV2 pneumonia and relatively decrease its fatalities.

scholarly journals ′Trained immunity′ from Mycobacterium spp. exposure or BCG vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Singh ◽  
Rajendra P. Maurya ◽  
Rakesh K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Immunization Policy ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Trained Immunity ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Heterologous Cell ◽  
Mycobacterium Spp

Protective variables for COVID-19 are unknown. ′Trained immunity′ of the populace as a result of BCG immunization policy implementation and coverage had been suggested to be one of the factors responsible for the differential impact of COVID-19 on different countries. Several trials are underway to evaluate the potential protective role of BCG vaccination in COVID-19. However, the lack of clarity on the use of appropriate controls concerning ′trained immunity′ or the heterologous cell-mediated immunity conferred by BCG vaccination has been a cause of concern leading to more confusion as exemplified by a recently concluded trial in Israel that failed to find any protective correlation with regard to BCG vaccination. Whereas, when we analyze the COVID-19 data of European countries without any regard for BCG vaccination policy but with similar age distribution, comparable confounding variables, and the stage of the pandemic, the prevalence of tuberculin immunoreactivity - a measure of cell-mediated immunity persistence as a result of Mycobacterium spp.(including BCG vaccine) exposure of the populations, is found consistently negatively correlated with COVID-19 infections and mortality per million population, at all the time points evaluated. We propose that on-going and future studies evaluating the effect of BCG vaccination on COVID-19 outcomes may actively consider, if not already, the inclusion of ′controls′ for underlying ′trained immunity′and heterologous cell-mediated immunity prevalence that may be pre-existing or resulting from the intervention (e.g., BCG vaccine) in such trials to arrive at more dependable conclusions concerning their potential benefit.

Trends in the Prevalence of Atopic Eczema in East and West Germany

1998 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-376
Author(s):  
Schäfer ◽  
Krämer ◽  
Vieluf ◽  
Behrendt ◽  
Ring
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Eczema ◽  
West Germany ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
East And West

A Reflection on Crucial Periods in 50 Years of Social Psychology (in Germany)

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Katja Corcoran ◽  
Michael Häfner ◽  
Mathias Kauff ◽  
Stefan Stürmer
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Early Development ◽  
West Germany ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
East And West

Abstract. In this article, we reflect on 50 years of the journal Social Psychology. We interviewed colleagues who have witnessed the history of the journal. Based on these interviews, we identified three crucial periods in Social Psychology’s history, that are (a) the early development and further professionalization of the journal, (b) the reunification of East and West Germany, and (c) the internationalization of the journal and its transformation from the Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie to Social Psychology. We end our reflection with a discussion of changes that occurred during these periods and their implication for the future of our field.

Sucrose and Facilitated Tucking for Pain Among Neonates Receiving Vaccination, in Puducherry

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujatha S. ◽  
Rebecca Samson ◽  
Christopher Amalraj ◽  
Sundaresan Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intradermal Vaccination ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
Study Intervention

Neglected pain in neonates leads to various ill effects and it can be prevented by using simple and safe non-pharmacological pain relieving measures. Pharmacologic agents are not recommended in neonates for acute pain due toinvasive procedures however, administration of 24% oralsucrose solutionis found to be effective. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of 24%oral sucrose in combination with Facilitated tucking during BCG Vaccination through intradermalroute in term neonates which is not done elsewhere. Fifty five healthy term neonates who fulfilled the inclusion criteria such as gestational age above 37 weeks, within 24 hoursof birth age, and neonates delivered only through spontaneous vaginal delivery were included in the study. The study intervention consists of administration of 2 ml of oral 24% sucrose 2 minutes before BCG Vaccination through intradermal route and Facilitated tuckingat the time of vaccination. The primary outcome measure of cumulative NIPS score at 0, 3,5 minuteswas not significant in both the study groups. Whereas there was significant reduction in the level of pain and mean cry time in the neonates of sucrose group. Heart rateand oxygen saturation after intradermal injection also showed significant (p less than 0.001) differenceamong the neonates, who received 24% of oral sucroseand Facilitated tucking than for neonates of control group. Thus oral (24%)sucrose solution given 2 minutes before injection was effective in reducing level of neonatal pain following Intradermal Vaccination. It is a simple, safe and fast acting analgesic and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in term neonates which last for 5-7minutes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document