scholarly journals Correlation between COVID-19 case fatality rate and percentage of BCG vaccination: is it true the vaccine is protective?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliae A. R. Mohamed Hussein ◽  
Marwa Rashad Salem ◽  
Samar Salman ◽  
A F Abdulrahim ◽  
Nasrallah A. Al Massry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Different Populations

Abstract Background The observations of some recent epidemiological studies offer hope for a reduced impact of COVID-19 for countries which practice universal BCG vaccination policy. Main body This report provides a correlation between the case fatality rates of COVID-19 and the percentage of BCG vaccination coverage in 183 most affected countries. The main objective of this observational ecologic report is to evaluate possible effects of the previous BCG vaccination in different populations and the epidemic outcomes specially the rates of severe/critical cases and case fatalities. The analysis is preliminary since it is based on constantly rolling data while the COVID-19 pandemic is still unfolding. Conclusion Our findings seem to support the fact that an older BCG vaccine may have a protective role in avoiding severe/critical SARS-CoV2 pneumonia and relatively decrease its fatalities.

scholarly journals Population-Predicted MHC Class II Epitope Presentation of SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins Correlates to the Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19 in Different Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2630
Author(s):  
Chunguang Liang ◽  
Elena Bencurova ◽  
Eric Psota ◽  
Priya Neurgaonkar ◽  
Martina Prelog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Infection Spread

We observed substantial differences in predicted Major Histocompatibility Complex II (MHCII) epitope presentation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins for different populations but only minor differences in predicted MHCI epitope presentation. A comparison of this predicted epitope MHC-coverage revealed for the early phase of infection spread (till day 15 after reaching 128 observed infection cases) highly significant negative correlations with the case fatality rate. Specifically, this was observed in different populations for MHC class II presentation of the viral spike protein (p-value: 0.0733 for linear regression), the envelope protein (p-value: 0.023), and the membrane protein (p-value: 0.00053), indicating that the high case fatality rates of COVID-19 observed in some countries seem to be related with poor MHC class II presentation and hence weak adaptive immune response against these viral envelope proteins. Our results highlight the general importance of the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins in immunological control in early infection spread looking at a global census in various countries and taking case fatality rate into account. Other factors such as health system and control measures become more important after the early spread. Our study should encourage further studies on MHCII alleles as potential risk factors in COVID-19 including assessment of local populations and specific allele distributions.

scholarly journals Influence of Covid-19 Vaccination Coverage on Case Fatality Rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareef Fadhil Raham
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Graphical Presentation

Abstract Background: Recent evidence suggested that an increase in Covid-19 attack rate is correlated to increased case fatality rate (CFR) Covid-19 disease severity. An increase in the attack rate was suggested to lead to an increase in the viral load a proposed mechanism leading to this association. In this context, we conduct this study to look for the influence of decreasing the number of Covid-19 cases through vaccination on CFR.Material and methods: We collected data concerning all countries/territories that implement Covid-19 vaccination at least for the last hundred days ending on 3d of April 2021. They were sixteen in number.Descriptive data analysis used included mean value, standard deviation, and graphical presentation by using Stem-Leaf charts and bar charts.Inferential data analyses used included the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and general linear model procedure (GLM).Results: Findings showed that in a highly significant association the mean CFR decreased in countries with > 18 Covid-19 vaccine doses per 100 inhabitants.Conclusion: Vaccination coverage may constitute another factor that determines temporal and spatial variances in CFR.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Yemen, 2017-2018: Surveillance Data Analysis (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suaad Ameen Moghalles ◽  
Basher Ahmed Aboasba ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Alamad ◽  
Yousef Saleh Khader
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND As a consequence of war and the collapse of the health system in Yemen, which prevented many people from accessing health facilities to obtain primary health care, vaccination coverage was affected, leading to a deadly diphtheria epidemic at the end of 2017. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of diphtheria in Yemen and determine its incidence and case fatality rate. METHODS Data were obtained from the diphtheria surveillance program 2017-2018, using case definitions of the World Health Organization. A probable case was defined as a case involving a person having laryngitis, pharyngitis, or tonsillitis and an adherent membrane of the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nose. A confirmed case was defined as a probable case that was laboratory confirmed or linked epidemiologically to a laboratory-confirmed case. Data from the Central Statistical Organization was used to calculate the incidence per 100,000 population. A <i>P</i> value &lt;.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 2243 cases were reported during the period between July 2017 and August 2018. About 49% (1090/2243, 48.6%) of the cases were males. About 44% (978/2243, 43.6%) of the cases involved children aged 5 to 15 years. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant symptom (2044/2243, 91.1%), followed by pseudomembrane (1822/2243, 81.2%). Based on the vaccination status, the percentages of partially vaccinated, vaccinated, unvaccinated, and unknown status patients were 6.6% (148/2243), 30.8% (690/2243), 48.6% (10902243), and 14.0% (315/2243), respectively. The overall incidence of diphtheria was 8 per 100,000 population. The highest incidence was among the age group &lt;15 years (11 per 100,000 population), and the lowest incidence was among the age group ≥15 years (5 per 100,000 population). The overall case fatality rate among all age groups was 5%, and it was higher (10%) in the age group &lt;5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access (Raymah, Abyan, Sa'ada, Lahj, and Al Jawf) had a very high case fatality rate (22%). CONCLUSIONS Diphtheria affected a large number of people in Yemen in 2017-2018. The majority of patients were partially or not vaccinated. Children aged ≤15 years were more affected, with higher fatality among children aged &lt;5 years. Five governorates that were difficult to access had a case fatality rate twice that of the World Health Organization estimate (5%-10%). To control the diphtheria epidemic in Yemen, it is recommended to increase routine vaccination coverage and booster immunizations, increase public health awareness toward diphtheria, and strengthen the surveillance system for early detection and immediate response.

scholarly journals Animal anthrax in Sirajganj district of Bangladesh from 2010 to 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-395
Author(s):  
SK Shaheenur Islam ◽  
David M Castellan ◽  
AHM Taslima Akhter ◽  
Md Mehedi Hossain ◽  
Md Zakiul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Control And Eradication

A descriptive study was conducted using secondary surveillance data of animal anthrax from the Epidemiology Unit of Department of Livestock Services (DLS) for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. The objectives of this study were to describe the pattern of animal anthrax in Sirajgong district of Bangladesh from 2010 to 2012 and to assess the current use of anthrax vaccine (Vaccine Coverage) based on animal, time and place. The study found that the disease was more prevalent in this district at the beginning of the early monsoon (Month of May, June when flood water enters) and the late monsoon (Month of September, October, when flood water recedes). Cattle were the predominant animal species affected with anthrax in this district followed by goats and sheep. The overall mean case fatality rate was 30.19%. The numbers of reported anthrax outbreaks in cattle had declined each year with 111 in 2010, 32 in 2011 and 20 in 2012. The annual mean vaccination coverage during the same years was 44.29%, 46.23% and 37.88% respectively. To reduce the number of outbreaks in animals and humans in Sirajganj district the annual vaccination coverage requires improvement. Behavior change through building greater awareness of anthrax is also needed at the farmer level for control and eradication of anthrax in animals as well as human.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 387-395

Infectious Peritonitis. The Main Complication of Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Hemmeløff Andersen ◽  
H.J. Kolmos
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Abdominal Skin ◽  
Skin Flora ◽  
Main Complication

Infectious peritonitis was studied in 164 patients with renal failure receiving 24, 282 peritoneal dialyses over a five-year period. One hundred and fifty nine episodes were registered in 93 patients. The overall incidence was 0.66 episodes per 100 dialyses. Two epidemics accounted for a higher incidence during the first half of the study, while the incidence of endemic peritonitis remained unchanged. Infectious peritonitis was the most common complication among out-patients and was the cause of drop out in 39 per cent of the patients transferred to haemodialysis. The calculated mortality from peritonitis was 0.08, corresponding to one fifth of all deaths. The case fatality rate was 0.14. The most common aetiological microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus and micrococci, accounting for 50 per cent of the cases. Forty six per cent of the cases caused by Staphylococcus aureus were preceeded by wound or catheter tunnel infections with the same strain. This points to the abdominal skin flora as the main source of endemic peritonitis. However, further epidemiological studies are needed to elucidate how the skin saprophytes reach the peritoneal cavity.

scholarly journals Does BCG vaccine prevent contract and severity of COVID-19 infection in India? A situational analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-308
Author(s):  
Bijaya Nanda Naik ◽  
Sanjay Pandey ◽  
Chandra Mani Singh ◽  
Alok Ranjan ◽  
Manisha Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Bcg Vaccination

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide emergency with morbidities, mortality and panic. The BCG vaccine, usually given to prevent childhood tuberculosis, surfaced as an option as suggested by some ecological observations. However, some others studies could not establish and explain the protective effects of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 pandemic. India is one country with high BCG vaccination coverage and is among the countries with lowest COVID-19 case fatality rate. Aims and Objectives: We examine the relationship between the BCG coverage and COVID-19 burden in various states/UTs of India. Materials and methods: The information on BCG coverage and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 was obtained from NFHS and www.covid19India.org respectively. Results: The analysis suggested very weak positive relationship of BCG coverage with cases and deaths due to COVID-19. Moderate positive relationship was observed between BCG coverage and COVID-19 case fatality rate even after adjusting for health system performance. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is against the role of BCG vaccination in containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The positive correlation which is not significant may be spurious and affected by many confounding factors like co-morbid conditions, testing strategies, population level immunity for other viral infections etc. Hence, the states and UTs should not be complacent by the hypothesized role of BCG vaccine in COVID-19 control. Rather, they should continue with the principles of social distancing, contact tracing, treating and surveillance of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Hantavirus: Structure, Mechanism of Transmission of Disease, Development of Drugs and Vaccines, and Prevention in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Sabiq Assadah ◽  
I Sendow ◽  
NLP I Dharmayanti
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
High Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Safe Vaccine ◽  
Transmission Of Disease ◽  
Rule Out

<p class="awabstrak2"><em>Hantavirus</em> is a zoonosis transmitted by rodents and have been spread in various countries. <em>Hantavirus</em> causes <em>Hantavirus</em> Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in humans is still receiving worldwide attention due to the high case fatality rate. Epidemiological studies have shown that <em>Hantavirus</em> is widespread globally, including in Indonesia. Indonesia is an archipelago and has a tropical climate, and is crossed by the equator so that it has an enormous diversity of animals, including those that become reservoirs of <em>Hantavirus</em> and other vulnerable animals. The high risk of developing <em>Hantavirus</em> in Indonesia does not rule out the possibility of a <em>Hantavirus</em> outbreak if no preventive action is taken. Until now there is no effective and safe vaccine or treatment for <em>Hantavirus</em>. Various development efforts continue to be made to obtain an appropriate and safe vaccine to prevent and stop the spread of <em>Hantavirus</em>. This paper discusses <em>Hantavirus</em>, including its structure and mechanism of transmission, the current situation of <em>Hantavirus</em> in Indonesia and the efforts that can be made to prevent <em>Hantavirus</em>, including the development of vaccines and their drugs.</p>

COVID-19: Analysis of epidemiological features

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Şeyda Tələt qızı Şixəliyeva ◽  
◽  
Marina Rüstəm qızı İsmayıl ◽  
Ramilə Əkbər qızı Hacıyeva ◽  
Şəfəq Yolçu qızı Mustafayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Race Ethnicity

There have been three fatal coronavirus-related pandemics in the twenty-first century: SARS (2002), MERS (2012), and COVID-19(2019). COVID19 first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and quickly spread worldwide. COVID-19 is a transmissible viral infection that is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Epidemiological studies conducted in many countries of the world are aimed at identifying the presence of dependence of morbidity and mortality on various factors. Some of these factors are the age, sex, race or ethnicity of the patients. Analysis of published studies has revealed a significant correlation between age, gender, and ethnicity factors and the severity of the course and mortality from COVID-19, which may further contribute to the development of alternative strategic approaches to solve the global problem of coronavirus infection-SARS-CoV-2. Key words: coronavirus, COVID 19, age qroup, case fatality rate, gender, race, ethnicity

Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Youssef Kada
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Protocol ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

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