scholarly journals Exogenous attention generalizes perceptual learning in adults with amblyopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariel Roberts ◽  
Marisa Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Visual Development ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Visual Perceptual Learning ◽  
Behavioral Manifestation ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Insight Into

SUMMARYVisual perceptual learning (VPL), or improved performance after practicing the same visual task, is a behavioral manifestation of the impressive neuroplasticity in the adult brain. However, its practical effectiveness is limited because improvements are often specific to the trained conditions and require significant time and effort. Thus, it is critical to understand the conditions that promote learning and its transfer. Covert spatial attention helps overcome VPL location and feature specificity in neurotypical adults, but whether it can for people with atypical visual development is unknown. Here we show that involuntary attention helps generalize learning beyond trained spatial locations in adults with amblyopia, an ideal population for investigation given their asymmetrically developed, but highly plastic, visual cortex. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying changes in neuro(a)typical brain plasticity after practice. Further, they reveal that attention can enhance the effectiveness of perceptual learning during rehabilitation of visual disorders.

scholarly journals Role of endogenous and exogenous attention in task-relevant visual perceptual learning

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0237912
Author(s):  
Kieu Ngoc Nguyen ◽  
Takeo Watanabe ◽  
George John Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Visual Perceptual Learning

scholarly journals Perceptual Learning of Simple Stimuli Modifies Stimulus Representations in Posterior Inferior Temporal Cortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2187-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Zivari Adab ◽  
Ivo D. Popivanov ◽  
Wim Vanduffel ◽  
Rufin Vogels
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Area V4 ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Cortical

Practicing simple visual detection and discrimination tasks improves performance, a signature of adult brain plasticity. The neural mechanisms that underlie these changes in performance are still unclear. Previously, we reported that practice in discriminating the orientation of noisy gratings (coarse orientation discrimination) increased the ability of single neurons in the early visual area V4 to discriminate the trained stimuli. Here, we ask whether practice in this task also changes the stimulus tuning properties of later visual cortical areas, despite the use of simple grating stimuli. To identify candidate areas, we used fMRI to map activations to noisy gratings in trained rhesus monkeys, revealing a region in the posterior inferior temporal (PIT) cortex. Subsequent single unit recordings in PIT showed that the degree of orientation selectivity was similar to that of area V4 and that the PIT neurons discriminated the trained orientations better than the untrained orientations. Unlike in previous single unit studies of perceptual learning in early visual cortex, more PIT neurons preferred trained compared with untrained orientations. The effects of training on the responses to the grating stimuli were also present when the animals were performing a difficult orthogonal task in which the grating stimuli were task-irrelevant, suggesting that the training effect does not need attention to be expressed. The PIT neurons could support orientation discrimination at low signal-to-noise levels. These findings suggest that extensive practice in discriminating simple grating stimuli not only affects early visual cortex but also changes the stimulus tuning of a late visual cortical area.

scholarly journals Exogenous attention enables visual perceptual learning and task transfer

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1165-1165
Author(s):  
S. F. A. Szpiro ◽  
S. Cohen ◽  
M. Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Exogenous Attention ◽  
Visual Perceptual Learning ◽  
Task Transfer ◽  
And Task

Perceptual Learning of Vocoded Speech With and Without Contralateral Hearing: Implications for Cochlear Implant Rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Martin Chavant ◽  
Alexis Hervais-Adelman ◽  
Olivier Macherey
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Speech Signal ◽  
Training Phase ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Contralateral Ear ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Vocoded Speech

Purpose An increasing number of individuals with residual or even normal contralateral hearing are being considered for cochlear implantation. It remains unknown whether the presence of contralateral hearing is beneficial or detrimental to their perceptual learning of cochlear implant (CI)–processed speech. The aim of this experiment was to provide a first insight into this question using acoustic simulations of CI processing. Method Sixty normal-hearing listeners took part in an auditory perceptual learning experiment. Each subject was randomly assigned to one of three groups of 20 referred to as NORMAL, LOWPASS, and NOTHING. The experiment consisted of two test phases separated by a training phase. In the test phases, all subjects were tested on recognition of monosyllabic words passed through a six-channel “PSHC” vocoder presented to a single ear. In the training phase, which consisted of listening to a 25-min audio book, all subjects were also presented with the same vocoded speech in one ear but the signal they received in their other ear differed across groups. The NORMAL group was presented with the unprocessed speech signal, the LOWPASS group with a low-pass filtered version of the speech signal, and the NOTHING group with no sound at all. Results The improvement in speech scores following training was significantly smaller for the NORMAL than for the LOWPASS and NOTHING groups. Conclusions This study suggests that the presentation of normal speech in the contralateral ear reduces or slows down perceptual learning of vocoded speech but that an unintelligible low-pass filtered contralateral signal does not have this effect. Potential implications for the rehabilitation of CI patients with partial or full contralateral hearing are discussed.

scholarly journals Neural plasticity underlying visual perceptual learning in aging

2015 ◽  
Vol 1612 ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Mishra ◽  
Camarin Rolle ◽  
Adam Gazzaley
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Visual Perceptual Learning

scholarly journals A Review on the Treatments for Monocular Visual Impairment for the Development of a Visual Aid

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Nirvenesh Ravindran ◽  
Hassan Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Occlusion Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
Clear Insight ◽  
Insight Into

Amblyopia is the most commonly found monocular visual impairment in the world. This paper presents an initial investigation into developing a visual aid for monocular visual impaired patients. The investigations conducted in this paper include those from direct interviews from consultant ophthalmologist. Investigations include reviewing the principle required to be embedded into the visual aid such as the distance and depth perception. Stereoscopic cameras and algorithms are also further discussed to interlink with the concepts of depth perception. Monocular visual impairment can most of the time be caused by medical conditions like amblyopia or glaucoma, and rarely caused by accidents and external factors. Thus, existing treatments for amblyopia, the effectiveness and challenges of the treatment are also clearly investigated and scrutinized in this paper. Some of the existing treatments include refractive therapy, occlusion therapy, atropine injections, perceptual learning, pharmacological treatment and acupuncture. This study has provided a clear insight into the requirements of developing a visual aid, thus further addressing the challenges faced by the treatments in this impairment.

Realising Value from Absorptive Capacity

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850011
Author(s):  
Ronald Eastburn
Keyword(s):  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Community Banks ◽  
Innovative Performance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Community Bank ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Formal Mechanism ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Insight Into

To gain insight into how successful community banks are continuously “adaptive” to environmental challenges, we examined the role absorptive capacity (ACAP) plays in effecting improved performance. ACAP is the formal mechanism used for sensing and experimentation of knowledge — and as such is adopted to acquire, assimilate, transform and exploit knowledge so as to positively influence performance. Data obtained from a survey of 151 community bank CEOs confirmed that ACAP does indeed enhance performance. We also demonstrated the multi-dimensional structure of ACAP, the consequence of cultivating an active learning orientation and the relevance of potential cultural inhibitors on decision behaviour for innovative performance. Several directions for future studies utilising knowledge-based responses are proposed.

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