Causes of variability in estimates of mutational variance from mutation accumulation experiments
Characteristics of the new phenotypic variation introduced via mutation have broad implications in evolutionary and medical genetics. While many estimates of this mutational variance have been published, factors contributing to their range, spanning two orders of magnitude, remain poorly resolved. In this study, we first apply a meta-analytic approach to assess how previously implicated factors affect variability in estimates. While estimates of mutational variance are available from a range of taxa, and quantitative trait type over a range of timescales, these factors are confounded with one another, precluding a clear resolution of causes of observed variability. We call for further directly comparable empirical data to address this question. We then applied a modified mutation accumulation experimental design to generate independent repeated estimates of mutational variance for a single taxon (the vinegar fly, Drosophila serrata), and for a single trait type (wing morphology) under the same experimental conditions. Analyses revealed that, in this tightly controlled experiment, variability in among-line (mutational) variance was largely the consequence of sampling error. Micro-environmental variation in mutational effects was supported as a cause of low levels of variability in mutational variance for two of 11 traits analysed. Further, there was no evidence that variation in segregating mutations, as the realisation of the mutation-drift process, impacted estimates. This investigation demonstrates the utility of short-term repeated measures to be broadly applied to improve estimates of mutational variance, consequently expanding our understanding of the dynamics of mutations in natural populations.