Organic electrolytic photocapacitors for stimulation of the mouse somatosensory cortex

Objective: For decades electrical stimulation has been used in neuroscience to investigate brain networks and been deployed clinically as a mode of therapy. Classically, all methods of electrical stimulation require implanted electrodes to be connected in some manner to an apparatus which provides power for the stimulation itself. Approach: We show the use of novel organic electronic devices, specifically organic electrolytic photocapacitors (OEPCs), which can be activated when illuminated with deep-red wavelengths of light and correspondingly do not require connections with external wires or power supplies when implanted at various depths in vivo. Main results: We stimulated cortical brain tissue of mice with devices implanted subcutaneously, as well as beneath both the skin and skull to demonstrate a wireless stimulation of the whisker motor cortex. Devices induced both a behavior response (whisker movement) and a sensory response in the corresponding sensory cortex. Additionally, we showed that coating OEPCs with a thin layer of a conducting polymer formulation (PEDOT:PSS) significantly increases their charge storage capacity, and can be used to further optimize the applied photoelectrical stimulation. Significance: Overall, this new technology can provide an on-demand electrical stimulation by simply using an OEPC and a deep-red wavelength illumination. Wires and interconnects to provide power to implanted neurostimulation electrodes are often problematic in freely-moving animal research and with implanted electrodes for long-term therapy in patients. Our wireless brain stimulation opens new perspectives for wireless electrical stimulation for applications in fundamental neurostimulation and in chronic therapy.

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Organic electrolytic photocapacitors for stimulation of the mouse somatosensory cortex

Journal of Neural Engineering ◽

10.1088/1741-2552/ac37a6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Missey ◽

Boris Botzanowski ◽

Ludovico Migliaccio ◽

Emma Acerbo ◽

Eric Glowacki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

New Technology ◽

Sensory Response ◽

Term Therapy ◽

Organic Electronic Devices ◽

Implanted Electrodes ◽

Chronic Therapy ◽

Long Term Therapy ◽

Stimulation Of

Abstract Objective. For decades electrical stimulation has been used in neuroscience to investigate brain networks and been deployed clinically as a mode of therapy. Classically, all methods of electrical stimulation require implanted electrodes to be connected in some manner to an apparatus which provides power for the stimulation itself. Approach. We show the use of novel organic electronic devices, specifically organic electrolytic photocapacitors (OEPCs), which can be activated when illuminated with deep-red wavelengths of light and correspondingly do not require connections with external wires or power supplies when implanted at various depths in vivo. Main results. We stimulated cortical brain tissue of mice with devices implanted subcutaneously, as well as beneath both the skin and skull to demonstrate a wireless stimulation of the whisker motor cortex. Devices induced both a behavior response (whisker movement) and a sensory response in the corresponding sensory cortex. Additionally, we showed that coating OEPCs with a thin layer of a conducting polymer formulation (PEDOT:PSS) significantly increases their charge storage capacity, and can be used to further optimize the applied photoelectrical stimulation. Significance. Overall, this new technology can provide an on-demand electrical stimulation by simply using an OEPC and a deep-red wavelength illumination. Wires and interconnects to provide power to implanted neurostimulation electrodes are often problematic in freely-moving animal research and with implanted electrodes for long-term therapy in patients. Our wireless brain stimulation opens new perspectives for wireless electrical stimulation for applications in fundamental neurostimulation and in chronic therapy.

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Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve: direct current measurement in vivo

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.1109/10.752943 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 461-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

C.Q. Huang ◽

R.K. Shepherd ◽

P.M. Center ◽

P.M. Seligman ◽

B. Tabor

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Direct Current ◽

Auditory Nerve ◽

Current Measurement ◽

Direct Current Measurement ◽

Stimulation Of

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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antihypertensive drug atenolol in cultured human lymphocytes: effects of long-term therapy

Mutagenesis ◽

10.1093/mutage/15.3.195 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 195-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. Telez

Keyword(s):

Antihypertensive Drug ◽

Human Lymphocytes ◽

Term Therapy ◽

In Vivo Evaluation ◽

Long Term Therapy

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Facilitation of female reproductive behavior from mesensephalic central gray in the rat

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1979.237.5.r278 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 237 (5) ◽

pp. R278-R284 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Y. Sakuma ◽

D. W. Pfaff

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Mesencephalic Reticular Formation ◽

Female Rats ◽

Motor Systems ◽

Functional Link ◽

Implanted Electrodes ◽

Unilateral Stimulation ◽

Postural Changes ◽

Central Gray ◽

Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation in the mesencephalic central gray (CG) and adjacent subtectum through chronically implanted electrodes in free-moving estrogen-primed ovariectomized female rats elicited a rapid and large facilitation of the lordosis reflex in response to either male mounts or manula cutaneous stimuli. Unilateral stimulation was sufficient for this effect. The facilitation increased in a graded manner to increased stimulus intensity, and was optimally evoked by stimuli delivered at 50--150 Hz. Facilitation disappeared rapidly following the end ot electrical stimulation, and within 15 min, reflex performance returned to the prestimulation level. Lordosis facilitation appeared when no aversive responses occurred; stimulation with comparable parameters at the lateral edge of CG or in the mesencephalic reticular formation often resulted in postural changes or aversive responses but was not able to facilitate lordosis. Lordosis refelx facilitation was probably mediated by projections descending from neurons in and around the CG, and represents stimulation of a functional link between ascending somatosensory and descending motor systems for the control of lordosis behavior.

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Plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels during electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex in conscious monkeys

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.196.1.44 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 196 (1) ◽

pp. 44-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

John W. Mason

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Large Dose ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Hypothalamic Stimulation ◽

Amygdaloid Complex ◽

Implanted Electrodes ◽

Stimulation Of

Substantial plasma 17-OH-CS elevations invariably occurred during electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid complex in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys through chronically implanted electrodes. No evidence of localization of this effect within anatomical subdivisions of the amygdaloid complex was observed. Stimulation of the amygdala elicited plasma 17-OH-CS elevations (20 µg %/hr.) equal to those occurring with hypothalamic stimulation or injection of a large dose of ACTH (16 mg/kg), while no elevations were observed during putamen stimulation or under normal conditions.

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458. Extracellular levels of GABA and glutamate increase in response to direct electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in humans: an in vivo microdialysis study

Biological Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00728-9 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

pp. S140

Author(s):

W.M. Abi-Saab ◽

D.D. Spencer ◽

V. Srihari ◽

J.L. Thompson ◽

R.H. Roth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

In Vivo Microdialysis ◽

Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽

Microdialysis Study ◽

Stimulation Of

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Hyperinsulinemia of preobese and obese fa/fa rats is partly vagus nerve mediated

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1983.244.4.e317 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 244 (4) ◽

pp. E317-E322 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

F. Rohner-Jeanrenaud ◽

A. C. Hochstrasser ◽

B. Jeanrenaud

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Insulin Secretion ◽

B Cells ◽

Vagus Nerve ◽

Zucker Rats ◽

Glucose Load ◽

Parasympathetic System ◽

Enhanced Sensitivity ◽

Stimulation Of

In vivo glucose-induced insulin secretion was greater in preweaned preobese 17-day-old Zucker rats than in the corresponding controls. This hypersecretion of insulin was reversed to normal by acute pretreatment with atropine. A short-lived (30 s) electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve preceding a glucose load potentiated the in vivo glucose-induced insulin release in adult animals (6-9 wk) and more so in obese Zucker (fa/fa) than in lean rats. This suggested the existence of enhanced sensitivity and/or responsiveness of the B cells of obese animals to the parasympathetic system. That the parasympathetic tone was increased in adult obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats was corroborated by the observation that acute vagotomy of these animals resulted in a significant decrease in glucose-induced insulin secretion, whereas no such effect was seen in lean rats. Also, perfused pancreases from adult obese (fa/fa) rats oversecreted insulin during a stimulation by arginine when compared with controls, an oversecretion that was restored toward normal by superimposed infusion of atropine. It is concluded that a) the increased insulin secretion of preobese Zucker fa/fa rats is an early abnormality that is mediated by the vagus nerve, and b) increased secretion of insulin in adult obese fa/fa rats continues to be partly vagus-nerve mediated, although a decreased sympathetic tone and other unknown defects could conceivably play a role as well.

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Suppression of Superficial Microglial Activation by Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Neuropathic Pain Following Sciatic Nerve Injury in Rats

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21072390 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 2390

Author(s):

Masamichi Shinoda ◽

Satoshi Fujita ◽

Shiori Sugawara ◽

Sayaka Asano ◽

Ryo Koyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Dorsal Horn ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽

Microglial Activation ◽

In Vivo Optical Imaging ◽

Stimulation Of

We evaluated the mechanisms underlying the spinal cord stimulation (SCS)-induced analgesic effect on neuropathic pain following spared nerve injury (SNI). On day 3 after SNI, SCS was performed for 6 h by using electrodes paraspinally placed on the L4-S1 spinal cord. The effects of SCS and intraperitoneal minocycline administration on plantar mechanical sensitivity, microglial activation, and neuronal excitability in the L4 dorsal horn were assessed on day 3 after SNI. The somatosensory cortical responses to electrical stimulation of the hind paw on day 3 following SNI were examined by using in vivo optical imaging with a voltage-sensitive dye. On day 3 after SNI, plantar mechanical hypersensitivity and enhanced microglial activation were suppressed by minocycline or SCS, and L4 dorsal horn nociceptive neuronal hyperexcitability was suppressed by SCS. In vivo optical imaging also revealed that electrical stimulation of the hind paw-activated areas in the somatosensory cortex was decreased by SCS. The present findings suggest that SCS could suppress plantar SNI-induced neuropathic pain via inhibition of microglial activation in the L4 dorsal horn, which is involved in spinal neuronal hyperexcitability. SCS is likely to be a potential alternative and complementary medicine therapy to alleviate neuropathic pain following nerve injury.

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