scholarly journals Regulation of effector gene expression as concerted waves in Leptosphaeria maculans: a two-players game

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Clairet ◽  
Elise J Gay ◽  
Antoine Porquier ◽  
Françoise Blaise ◽  
Claire-Line Marais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Effector Gene ◽  
Effector Genes

During infection, plant pathogenic fungi secrete a set of molecules collectively known as effectors, involved in overcoming the host immune system and in disease establishment. Effector genes are concertedly expressed as waves all along plant pathogenic fungi lifecycle. However, little is known about how coordinated expression of effector genes is regulated. Since many effector genes are located in repeat-rich regions, the role of chromatin remodeling in the regulation of effector expression was recently investigated. In Leptosphaeria maculans, causing stem canker of oilseed rape, we established that the repressive histone modification H3K9me3 (trimethylation of Lysine 9 of Histone H3), deposited by the histone methyltransferase KMT1, was involved in the regulation of expression of genes highly expressed during infection, including effectors. Nevertheless, inactivation of KMT1 did not induce expression of these genes at the same level as observed during infection of oilseed rape, suggesting that a second regulator, such as a transcription factor (TF), might be involved. Pf2, a TF belonging to the Zn2Cys6 fungal specific TF family, was described in several Dothideomycete species as essential for pathogenicity and effector gene expression. We identified the orthologue of Pf2 in L. maculans, LmPf2, and investigated the role of LmPf2 together with KMT1, by inactivating and over-expressing LmPf2 in a wild type (WT) strain and a ∆kmt1 mutant. Functional analyses of the corresponding transformants highlighted an essential role of LmPf2 in the establishment of pathogenesis. Transcriptomic analyses during axenic growth showed that LmPf2 is involved in the control of effector gene expression. We observed an enhanced effect of the over-expression of LmPf2 on effector gene expression in a ∆kmt1 background, suggesting an antagonist role between KMT1 and LmPf2.

scholarly journals Verticillium dahliae Sge1 Differentially Regulates Expression of Candidate Effector Genes

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parthasarathy Santhanam ◽  
Bart P. H. J. Thomma
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Transcriptional Regulator ◽  
Vascular Wilt ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Effector Gene ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Induced Genes

The ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt diseases in hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. However, thus far, only few V. dahliae effectors have been identified, and regulators of pathogenicity remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the V. dahliae homolog of Sge1, a transcriptional regulator that was previously implicated in pathogenicity and effector gene expression in Fusarium oxysporum. We show that V. dahliae Sge1 (VdSge1) is required for radial growth and production of asexual conidiospores, because VdSge1 deletion strains display reduced radial growth and reduced conidia production. Furthermore, we show that VdSge1 deletion strains have lost pathogenicity on tomato. Remarkably, VdSge1 is not required for induction of Ave1, the recently identified V. dahliae effector that activates resistance mediated by the Ve1 immune receptor in tomato. Further assessment of the role of VdSge1 in the induction of the nine most highly in-planta-induced genes that encode putative effectors revealed differential activity. Although the expression of one putative effector gene in addition to Ave1 was not affected by VdSge1 deletion, VdSge1 appeared to be required for the expression of six putative effector genes, whereas two of the putative effectors genes were found to be negatively regulated by VdSge1. In conclusion, our data suggest that VdSge1 differentially regulates V. dahliae effector gene expression.

scholarly journals Different waves of effector genes with contrasted genomic location are expressed by Leptosphaeria maculans during cotyledon and stem colonization of oilseed rape

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1113-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Gervais ◽  
Clémence Plissonneau ◽  
Juliette Linglin ◽  
Michel Meyer ◽  
Karine Labadie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Genomic Location

scholarly journals Cutinase in Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus: suppression of cutinase gene expression in isogenic hypovirulent strains containing double-stranded RNAs.

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4539-4544 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Varley ◽  
G K Podila ◽  
S T Hiremath
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽  
Plant Cuticles ◽  
Isogenic Strains

Plant-pathogenic fungi produce cutinase, an enzyme required to degrade plant cuticles and facilitate penetration into the host. The absence of cutinase or a decrease in its production has been associated with a decrease in pathogenicity of the fungus. A set of isogenic strains of Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, was tested for the presence and amounts of cutinase activity. The virulent strain of C. parasitica produced and secreted significantly higher amounts of cutinase than the hypovirulent strains. Use of both nucleic acid and polyclonal antibody probes for cutinase from Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi showed that cutinase in C. parasitica is 25 kDa in size and is coded by a 1.1-kb mRNA. Both mRNA and protein were inducible by cutin hydrolysate, while hypovirulence agents suppressed the level of mRNA and the enzyme. Since all the strains had the cutinase gene, the suppression of expression was due to the hypovirulence agents. The data presented are the first report indicating that hypovirulence agents in C. parasitica regulate a gene associated with pathogenicity in other plant-pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Regulation of Expression and Latency in BLV and HTLV

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Aneta Pluta ◽  
Juan P. Jaworski ◽  
Renée N. Douville
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Incurable Cancer

Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belong to the Deltaretrovirus genus. HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of the highly aggressive and currently incurable cancer adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a neurological disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). BLV causes neoplastic proliferation of B cells in cattle: enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL). Despite the severity of these conditions, infection by HTLV-1 and BLV appear in most cases clinically asymptomatic. These viruses can undergo latency in their hosts. The silencing of proviral gene expression and maintenance of latency are central for the establishment of persistent infection, as well as for pathogenesis in vivo. In this review, we will present the mechanisms that control proviral activation and retroviral latency in deltaretroviruses, in comparison with other exogenous retroviruses. The 5′ long terminal repeats (5′-LTRs) play a main role in controlling viral gene expression. While the regulation of transcription initiation is a major mechanism of silencing, we discuss topics that include (i) the epigenetic control of the provirus, (ii) the cis-elements present in the LTR, (iii) enhancers with cell-type specific regulatory functions, (iv) the role of virally-encoded transactivator proteins, (v) the role of repressors in transcription and silencing, (vi) the effect of hormonal signaling, (vii) implications of LTR variability on transcription and latency, and (viii) the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss how a better understanding of these mechanisms may allow for the development of more effective treatments against Deltaretroviruses.

The role of sphinganine analog mycotoxins on the virulence of plant pathogenic fungi

Toxin Reviews ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Sánchez-Rangel ◽  
Javier Plasencia
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi

scholarly journals A pair of effectors encoded on a conditionally dispensable chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum suppress host-specific immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ayukawa ◽  
Shuta Asai ◽  
Pamela Gan ◽  
Ayako Tsushima ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Dispensable Chromosome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMany plant pathogenic fungi contain conditionally dispensable (CD) chromosomes that are associated with virulence, but not growth in vitro. Virulence-associated CD chromosomes carry genes encoding effectors and/or host-specific toxin biosynthesis enzymes that may contribute to determining host specificity. Fusarium oxysporum causes devastating diseases of more than 100 plant species. Among a large number of host-specific forms, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Focn) can infect Brassicaceae plants including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and cabbage. Here we show that Focn has multiple CD chromosomes. We identified specific CD chromosomes that are required for virulence on Arabidopsis, cabbage, or both, and describe a pair of effectors encoded on one of the CD chromosomes that is required for suppression of Arabidopsis-specific phytoalexin-based immunity. The effector pair is highly conserved in F. oxysporum isolates capable of infecting Arabidopsis, but not of other plants. This study provides insight into how host specificity of F. oxysporum may be determined by a pair of effector genes on a transmissible CD chromosome.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of the Oocydin A-Producing Rhizobacterium Serratia plymuthica 4Rx5

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Matilla ◽  
Zulema Udaondo ◽  
George P. C. Salmond
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Serratia Plymuthica ◽  
Content Type

Serratia plymuthica 4Rx5 was isolated from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape due to its antagonistic properties against plant-pathogenic fungi. The strain 4Rx5 produces the antifungal and antioomycete haterumalide, oocydin A.

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