scholarly journals Keeping time and rhythm by replaying a sensory-motor engram

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor de Lafuente ◽  
Mehrdad Jazayeri ◽  
Hugo Merchant ◽  
Otto Garcia-Garibay ◽  
Jaime Cadena-Valencia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Successful Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Imagine practicing a piece of music, or a speech, solely within the mind, without any sensory input or motor output. Our ability to implement dynamic internal representations is key for successful behavior, yet how the brain achieves this is not fully understood. Here we trained primates to perceive, and internally maintain, rhythms of different tempos and performed large-scale recordings of neuronal activity across multiple areas spanning the sensory-motor processing hierarchy. Results show that perceiving and maintaining rhythms engage multiple brain areas, including visual, parietal, premotor, prefrontal, and hippocampal regions. Each area displayed oscillatory activity that reflected the temporal and spatial characteristics of an internal metronome which flexibly encoded fast, medium, and slow tempos on a trial-by-trial basis. The presence of widespread metronome-related activity across the brain, in the absence of stimuli and overt actions, is consistent with the idea that time and rhythm are maintained by a mechanism that internally replays the stimuli and actions that define well-timed behavior.

The Aesthetic Triad

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Oshin Vartanian ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Aesthetic Experiences ◽  
Large Scale Systems ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Meaning System ◽  
The Brain

Following the rapid growth of neuroaesthetics, there was a need to systematize and organize the findings into a coherent and testable framework. With the “aesthetic triad,” the authors presented a model according to which aesthetic experience was viewed as the emergent property of the interaction of three large-scale systems in the brain: sensory-motor, emotion-valuation, and knowledge-meaning. Features that distinguished this model from others was that it was meant to apply to all aesthetic episodes (e.g., art, faces, architecture, etc.) and it acknowledged explicitly that a large variety of aesthetic experiences can emerge as a function of the specific ways in which these systems interact in the course of their emergence. To probe the model, the contribution of the knowledge-meaning system is likely of greatest interest, at least in part because that system encapsulates a large breadth of factors ranging from the personal to the cultural.

scholarly journals Making Enactivism Even More Embodied

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

An enactivist approach to understanding the mind, in its fullest sense, is not just a matter of action-oriented processes; enactivism is about more than action and sensory–motor contingencies. To understand cognition as richly embodied this chapter considers factors involving affectivity and intersubjectivity. Empirical studies show that affectivity, in a wide sense that includes hunger, fatigue, pain, respiration, as well as emotion, has an effect on perception, attention, and judgment. Likewise, intersubjective factors, including the role of bodily postures, movements, gestures, gaze and facial expressions, and dynamical aspects of interaction, have similar effects. This richer conception of embodied cognition also holds implications for understanding how the brain works.

scholarly journals A Guide to Emerging Technologies for Large-Scale and Whole-Brain Optical Imaging of Neuronal Activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 431-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Weisenburger ◽  
Alipasha Vaziri
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Large Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hybrid Approaches ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroscience Community

The mammalian brain is a densely interconnected network that consists of millions to billions of neurons. Decoding how information is represented and processed by this neural circuitry requires the ability to capture and manipulate the dynamics of large populations at high speed and high resolution over a large area of the brain. Although the use of optical approaches by the neuroscience community has rapidly increased over the past two decades, most microscopy approaches are unable to record the activity of all neurons comprising a functional network across the mammalian brain at relevant temporal and spatial resolutions. In this review, we survey the recent development in optical technologies for Ca2+imaging in this regard and provide an overview of the strengths and limitations of each modality and its potential for scalability. We provide guidance from the perspective of a biological user driven by the typical biological applications and sample conditions. We also discuss the potential for future advances and synergies that could be obtained through hybrid approaches or other modalities.

scholarly journals Boundaries to grounding abstract concepts

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1752) ◽  
pp. 20170132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Pecher ◽  
René Zeelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Concept Representation ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Concrete Concepts ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Concrete Representations ◽  
Processing Language

Grounded theories of cognition claim that concept representation relies on the systems for perception and action. The sensory-motor grounding of abstract concepts presents a challenge for these theories. Some accounts propose that abstract concepts are indirectly grounded via image schemas or situations. Recent research, however, indicates that the role of sensory-motor processing for concrete concepts may be limited, providing evidence against the idea that abstract concepts are grounded via concrete concepts. Hybrid models that combine language and sensory-motor experience may provide a more viable account of abstract and concrete representations. We propose that sensory-motor grounding is important during acquisition and provides structure to concepts. Later activation of concepts relies on this structure but does not necessarily involve sensory-motor processing. Language is needed to create coherent concepts from diverse sensory-motor experiences. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.

scholarly journals Interhemispheric Binding of Ambiguous Visual Motion Is Associated with Changes in Beta Oscillatory Activity but Not with Gamma Range Synchrony

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1829-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Nascimento Costa ◽  
João Valente Duarte ◽  
Ricardo Martins ◽  
Michael Wibral ◽  
Miguel Castelo-Branco
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Binding Problem ◽  
Gamma Range ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Gamma Synchrony ◽  
The Brain

In vision, perceptual features are processed in several regions distributed across the brain. Yet, the brain achieves a coherent perception of visual scenes and objects through integration of these features, which are encoded in spatially segregated brain areas. How the brain seamlessly achieves this accurate integration is currently unknown and is referred to as the “binding problem.” Among the proposed mechanisms meant to resolve the binding problem, the binding-by-synchrony hypothesis proposes that binding is carried out by the synchronization of distant neuronal assemblies. This study aimed at providing a critical test to the binding-by-synchrony hypothesis by evaluating long-range connectivity using EEG during a motion integration visual task that entails binding across hemispheres. Our results show that large-scale perceptual binding is not associated with long-range interhemispheric gamma synchrony. However, distinct perceptual interpretations were found to correlate with changes in beta power. Increased beta activity was observed during binding under ambiguous conditions and originates mainly from parietal regions. These findings reveal that the visual experience of binding can be identified by distinct signatures of oscillatory activity, regardless of long-range gamma synchrony, suggesting that such type of synchrony does not underlie perceptual binding.

scholarly journals Brain to Mind: Creation of the Virtual World

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 513-544
Author(s):  
C. R. Mukundan ◽  
C. Kamarajan
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
The World ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

The human brain has developed the capability for routine sensory-motor monitoring and controls, present in all living beings, and additional skills for symbolic and verbal expressions of all sensory-motor activities and emotional experiences. Each brain could monitor and become aware of its own thoughts and emotions, all of which constitute the “mind”. Each person mentally creates verbal and symbolic expressions related to all sensory-motor activities and emotional experiences, and what one proposes to carry out.  Each human being mentally creates an immensely enriched virtual mental world, and they succeed in physically realizing most of them.   Different parts of the human brain contribute to different types of processing of incoming signals and retrieved signals already stored in the brain and the newly created and modified ideas are stored and used by the individual. The ideas and signals stored create emotional arousal, which the individual may experience and may make use of while dealing with the world and the individuals and other items of the which the individual may encounter in life. The ideas created within the brain may be played repeatedly and when the individual listens to his/her own ideas, the person becomes aware of the ideas. Normally awareness develops during the creation of new ideas, and during their retrieval. Oneself becoming aware or conscious of own ideas and the ideas expressed by others could develop an extensive knowledge base and may help in all planning and action executions, with others and materials of the world that one may encounter face to face or during their retrieval periods. The knowledge base has helped man to enhance the same, as well as, create new entities, which has been a routine human contribution during each person’s life. The emotions aroused during such interactions with the persons who may present ideas or own retrieved ideas are experienced by the self, who may express the emotionally loaded words or actions to others. The mind decides the world one lives in and mentally shares the realities one faces during one’s life period.  Living is the process when one could share the same realities and the world, and could have experiences of the same and express own emotional reactions towards those realities.

Lighting Up the Brain to Illuminate the Mind

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-716
Author(s):  
Ellen S. Berscheid
Keyword(s):  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

How Does the Brain Make the Mind? We Do Not Know.

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Was
Keyword(s):  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Big Heads title page

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
vernon thornton
Keyword(s):  
Title Page ◽  
Language Of Thought ◽  
Correct Version ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

A description of of the mind and its relationship to the brain, set in an evolutionary context. Introduction of a correct version of 'language-of-thought' called 'thinkish'.

Giscience in the Mountain Geography

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Krishna Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Observation Systems ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Mountain Geography ◽  
Different Sources

Mountains have distinct geography and are dynamic in nature compared to the plains. 'Verticality' and 'variation' are two fundamental specificities of the mountain geography. They possess distinct temporal and spatial characteristics in a unique socio-cultural setting. There is an ever increasing need for spatial and temporal data for planning and management activities; and Geo Information (GI) Science (including Geographic Information and Earth Observation Systems). This is being recognized more and more as a common platform for integrating spatial data with social, economic and environmental data and information from different sources. This paper investigates the applicability and challenges of GISscience in the context of mountain geography with ample evidences and observations from the mountain specific publications, empirical research findings and reports. The contextual explanation of mountain geography, mountain specific problems, scientific concerns about the mountain geography, advances in GIScience, the role of GIScience for sustainable development, challenges on application of GIScience in the contexts of mountains are the points of discussion. Finally, conclusion has been made with some specific action oriented recommendations.

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