scholarly journals Alternative mating tactics and tactical deception: Is the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) nothing but a common cheat?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavan M Cooke ◽  
Claire Johnson ◽  
Tony Reed ◽  
Andrew C Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Alternative Mating Tactics ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
Female Mimicry ◽  
Tactical Deception ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractAlternative mating tactics (AMTs) are common in the animal kingdom, yet much work remains before their evolution and role in driving sexual selection is fully understood. Utilizing features of citizen science, we present compelling evidence that a third species in the cuttlefish genusSepia(Cephalopoda) possess males who use sneaky mating and female mimicry as alternative strategies to conspicuous signalling and fighting. We also present new evidence of large aggregations (n~30) in this species that possibly drive alternative mating strategies. Lastly, we provide footage of an opportunistic sneaky copulation in this species. We believe that alternative mating tactics may be more common in this genus than previously recorded (based on observations presented here and a search of the literature for similar life history, environmental and behavioural factors found in other species within theSepiagenus), and as much of their captive husbandry is well known, they could an ideal system for studying the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies.

scholarly journals Correlates of reproductive success within alternative mating tactics of the common shrew

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Stockley ◽  
Jeremy B. Searle ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
Catherine S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Common Shrew ◽  
Alternative Mating Tactics ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Sperm competition, alternative mating tactics and context-dependent fertilization success in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1615) ◽  
pp. 1309-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa M House ◽  
John Hunt ◽  
Allen J Moore
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Alternative Mating Tactics ◽  
Sterile Male ◽  
Burying Beetle ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
Nicrophorus Vespilloides ◽  
Biological Context

Fertilization success in sperm competition is often determined by laboratory estimates of the proportion of offspring sired by the first ( P 1 ) or second ( P 2 ) male that mates. However, inferences from such data about how sexual selection acts on male traits in nature may be misleading if fertilization success depends on the biological context in which it is measured. We used the sterile male technique to examine the paternity of the same male in two mating contexts in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides , a species where males have alternative mating strategies based on the presence or absence of resources. We found no congruence in the paternity achieved by a given male when mating under different social conditions. P 2 estimates were extremely variable under both conditions. Body size was unrelated to success in sperm competition away from a carcass but, most probably through pre-copulatory male–male competition, influenced fertilization success on a carcass. The contribution of sperm competition is therefore dependent on the conditions under which it is measured. We discuss our findings in relation to sperm competition theory and highlight the need to consider biological context in order to link copulation and fertilization success for competing males.

Female mimicry and an enhanced sexually selected trait: what does it take to fool a male?

Behaviour ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 147 (11) ◽  
pp. 1443-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Morris ◽  
Abby Darrah ◽  
Oscar Rios-Cardenas
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Male Competition ◽  
Alternative Mating Tactics ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
Pigment Pattern ◽  
Swordtail Fish ◽  
Female Mimicry

AbstractFemale mimicry is commonly considered in the context of alternative mating tactics as mimics can avoid male–male competition to gain increased access to females. We describe a case where one of the benefits to being a female mimic could be the increase in size of a sexually selected trait that should eventually decrease the mimics' ability to fool males. In the swordtail fish Xiphophorus nezahualcoyotl, a small percentage of males have a permanent pigment pattern known as 'false brood spot' (FBS), express a horizontal bar pigment pattern common for females, and yet have longer swords (a sexually selected trait) for their body size. FBS males did not use more 'coercive' behaviours in the field, and females do not appear to distinguish between males based on whether or not they have FBS in the laboratory. However, in the field males with FBS were chased less by other males, spent significantly more time feeding, and those that expressed the horizontal bar had greater access to females. We suggest that FBS males with swords can still fool other males into thinking they are females because the true brood spot remains informative as long as the frequency of FBS males (mimics) remains low.

scholarly journals Polyandry and alternative mating tactics

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1613) ◽  
pp. 20120045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan D. Neff ◽  
Erik I. Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Alternative Mating Tactics ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Genetic Constraints ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Female Mimicry ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Empirical Approaches

Many species in the animal kingdom are characterized by alternative mating tactics (AMTs) within a sex. In males, such tactics include mate guarding versus sneaking behaviours, or territorial versus female mimicry. Although AMTs can occur in either sex, they have been most commonly described in males. This sex bias may, in part, reflect the increased opportunity for sexual selection that typically exists in males, which can result in a higher probability that AMTs evolve in that sex. Consequently, females and polyandry can play a pivotal role in governing the reproductive success associated with male AMTs and in the evolutionary dynamics of the tactics. In this review, we discuss polyandry and the evolution of AMTs. First, we define AMTs and review game theoretical and quantitative genetic approaches used to model their evolution. Second, we review several examples of AMTs, highlighting the roles that genes and environment play in phenotype expression and development of the tactics, as well as empirical approaches to differentiating among the mechanisms. Third, ecological and genetic constraints to the evolution of AMTs are discussed. Fourth, we speculate on why female AMTs are less reported on in the literature than male tactics. Fifth, we examine the effects of AMTs on breeding outcomes and female fitness, and as a source, and possibly also a consequence, of sexual conflict. We conclude by suggesting a new model for the evolution of AMTs that incorporates both environmental and genetic effects, and discuss some future avenues of research.

scholarly journals Experience does not alter alternative mating tactics in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Walling ◽  
Clare E. Stamper ◽  
Claire L. Salisbury ◽  
Allen J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Mating Tactics ◽  
Burying Beetle ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
Nicrophorus Vespilloides

Standard Examples

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-62
Author(s):  
John M. McNamara ◽  
Olof Leimar
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Evolutionary Stability ◽  
Alternative Mating Tactics ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Kin Competition ◽  
Chapter Deal ◽  
The Commons

Standard examples in biological game theory are introduced. The degree of cooperation at evolutionary stability is analysed in models that deal with situations such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma, the Tragedy of the Commons and the conflict of interest between parents over care of their common young. Several models of aggressive interactions are treated in this book. In this chapter the Hawk–Dove game, which is the simplest of these models, is analysed. Further models in the chapter deal with the situation in which individuals vary in their fighting ability and the situation in which information about the opponent is available before an individual decides whether to be aggressive. The problem of the allocation of resources to sons versus daughters has played a central role in biological game theory. This chapter introduces the basic theory, as well as a model in which the environmental temperature affects the development of the sexes differentially, so that at evolutionary stability the sex of offspring is determined by this temperature. Coordination games, alternative mating tactics, dispersal to avoid kin competition, and the idea that signals can evolve from cues are also introduced.

scholarly journals Resilience in physical education: A qualitative exploration of protective factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Tudor ◽  
Mustafa Sarkar ◽  
Christopher M Spray
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
School Students ◽  
Student Resilience ◽  
Extra Curricular Activities ◽  
Education Participation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Qualitative Exploration

Resilience refers to findings that some individuals have good outcomes despite exposure to stressors, and protective factors are defined as influences that alter a person’s response to such stressors. Academic resilience research identifies factors that promote positive educational outcomes; however, no research to date investigates student resilience in the unique context of physical education. The current study sought to explore protective factors that alter secondary school students’ responses to the common stressors associated with physical education participation. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with six teachers and 54 students, and transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. In line with the conceptualisation of protective factors, higher-order themes of individual assets and environmental factors were identified. Individual assets included personality, cognitive factors (e.g. value of physical education activities) and behavioural factors (e.g. attending extra-curricular activities). Environmental factors included teacher and peer support and the relative importance of physical education promoted by the school and parents.

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