scholarly journals Unconsciously Implanted Visuoauditory Memory in the Presence of Cholecystokinin Retrieved in Behavioral Contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zicong Zhang ◽  
Christine Xuejiao Zheng ◽  
Yujie Peng ◽  
Yiping Guo ◽  
Danyi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Freezing Response ◽  
Scientific Foundation ◽  
Relevant Context ◽  
Reward Availability ◽  
Cck Antagonist ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARYWe investigated whether visuoauditory association can be artificially implanted in rodents and then retrieved in a behaviorally relevant context. Rats were trained to approach the left or right hole of a behavioral apparatus to retrieve a reward depending on the side of electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex (EAC) they received and mice were fear-conditioned to EAC. Next, an irrelevant visual stimulus (VS) was repeatedly paired with EAC in the presence of cholecystokinin (CCK) or with activation of terminals of entorhinal CCK neurons in the auditory cortex. In subsequent behavioral testing with VS, rats approached the hole associated with reward availability and mice showed a freezing response to the VS. A CCK antagonist blocked the establishment of visuoauditory association, whereas a CCK agonist rescued the deficit of association. Our findings provide a scientific foundation for “memory implantation” and indicate that CCK is the switching chemical for formation of visuoauditory association.

Functional MRI of Auditory Cortex Activated by Multisite Electrical Stimulation of the Cochlea

NeuroImage ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Lazeyras ◽  
Colette Boëx ◽  
Alain Sigrist ◽  
Mohamed L. Seghier ◽  
Grégoire Cosendai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Stimulation Of

Magnetic and electrical stimulation of the auditory cortex for intractable tinnitus

2004 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk De Ridder ◽  
Gert De Mulder ◽  
Vincent Walsh ◽  
Neil Muggleton ◽  
Stefan Sunaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Reorganization ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ Tinnitus is a distressing symptom that affects up to 15% of the population for whom no satisfactory treatment exists. The authors present a novel surgical approach for the treatment of intractable tinnitus, based on cortical stimulation of the auditory cortex. Tinnitus can be considered an auditory phantom phenomenon similar to deafferentation pain, which is observed in the somatosensory system. Tinnitus is accompanied by a change in the tonotopic map of the auditory cortex. Furthermore, there is a highly positive association between the subjective intensity of the tinnitus and the amount of shift in tinnitus frequency in the auditory cortex, that is, the amount of cortical reorganization. This cortical reorganization can be demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive method of activating or deactivating focal areas of the human brain. Linked to a navigation system that is guided by fMR images of the auditory system, TMS can suppress areas of cortical plasticity. If it is successful in suppressing a patient's tinnitus, this focal and temporary effect can be perpetualized by implanting a cortical electrode. A neuronavigation-based auditory fMR imaging-guided TMS session was performed in a patient who suffered from tinnitus due to a cochlear nerve lesion. Complete suppression of the tinnitus was obtained. At a later time an extradural electrode was implanted with the guidance of auditory fMR imaging navigation. Postoperatively, the patient's tinnitus disappeared and remains absent 10 months later. Focal extradural electrical stimulation of the primary auditory cortex at the area of cortical plasticity is capable of suppressing contralateral tinnitus completely. Transcranial magnetic stimulation may be an ideal method for noninvasive studies of surgical candidates in whom stimulating electrodes might be implanted for tinnitus suppression.

scholarly journals Hearing suppression induced by electrical stimulation of human auditory cortex

2006 ◽  
Vol 1118 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert J. Fenoy ◽  
Meryl A. Severson ◽  
Igor O. Volkov ◽  
John F. Brugge ◽  
Matthew A. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Human Auditory Cortex ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation-mapping of the upper human auditory pathway

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Tasker ◽  
L. W. Organ
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Medial Geniculate ◽  
Stimulation Of

✓ Auditory hallucinations were produced by electrical stimulation of the human upper brain stem during stereotaxic operations. The responses were confined to stimulation of the inferior colliculus, brachium of the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory radiations. Anatomical confirmation of an auditory site was obtained in one patient. The hallucination produced was a low-pitched nonspecific auditory “paresthesia” independent of the structure stimulated, the conditions of stimulation, or sonotopic factors. The effect was identical to that reported from stimulating the primary auditory cortex, and virtually all responses were contralateral. These observations have led to the following generalizations concerning electrical stimulation of the somesthetic, auditory, vestibular, and visual pathways within the human brain stem: the hallucination induced in each is the response to comparable conditions of stimulation, is nonspecific, independent of stimulation site, confined to the primary pathway concerned, chiefly contralateral, and identical to that induced by stimulating the corresponding primary auditory cortex. No sensory responses are found in the brain stem corresponding to those from the sensory association cortex.

scholarly journals Reversible Functional Changes Evoked by Anodal Epidural Direct Current Electrical Stimulation of the Rat Auditory Cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cecilia Colmenárez-Raga ◽  
Iván Díaz ◽  
Marianny Pernia ◽  
David Pérez-González ◽  
José M. Delgado-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals A cortical circuit for audio-visual predictions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleena R. Garner ◽  
Georg B. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Visual Cortices ◽  
Relevant Context ◽  
Cortical Circuit ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractLearned associations between stimuli in different sensory modalities can shape the way we perceive these stimuli. However, it is not well understood how these interactions are mediated or at what level of the processing hierarchy they occur. Here we describe a neural mechanism by which an auditory input can shape visual representations of behaviorally relevant stimuli through direct interactions between auditory and visual cortices in mice. We show that the association of an auditory stimulus with a visual stimulus in a behaviorally relevant context leads to experience-dependent suppression of visual responses in primary visual cortex (V1). Auditory cortex axons carry a mixture of auditory and retinotopically matched visual input to V1, and optogenetic stimulation of these axons selectively suppresses V1 neurons that are responsive to the associated visual stimulus after, but not before, learning. Our results suggest that cross-modal associations can be communicated by long-range cortical connections and that, with learning, these cross-modal connections function to suppress responses to predictable input.

The functional anatomy of middle-latency auditory evoked potentials: thalamocortical connections

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Di ◽  
D. S. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Medial Geniculate Body ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Medial Geniculate ◽  
Potential Complex ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. An 8 x 8-channel microelectrode array was used to map epicortical field potentials from a 4.375 x 4.375-mm2 area in the right parietotemporal neocortex of four rats. Potentials were evoked with bilaterally presented click stimuli and with electrical stimulation of the ventral and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate body. 2. Epicortical responses to click stimuli replicated earlier findings. The responses consisted of a positive-negative biphasic waveform (P1a and N1) in the region of primary auditory cortex (area 41) and a positive monophasic waveform (P1b) in the region of secondary auditory cortex (area 36). Two potential patterns, one at the latency of the N1 and the other at the latency of the P1b, were used to represent activation of cells within areas 41 and 36. A linear combination of these patterns was sufficient to explain from 90 to 94% of the variance of the evoked potential complex at all latencies. 3. In the same animals, epicortical responses to electrical stimulation of the ventral and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate body were also localized to areas 41 and 36, respectively. A linear combination of potential patterns from these separate stimulation conditions was sufficient to explain from 80 to 93% of the variance of the original click-evoked potential complex at all latencies. 4. These data provide functional evidence for anatomically defined topographical thalamocortical projections to primary and secondary auditory cortex. They suggest that short-latency cortical evoked potentials (10-60 ms poststimulus) are dominated by parallel thalamocortical activation of areas 41 and 36.

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