scholarly journals Continuous flash suppression and monocular pattern masking impact subjective awareness similarly

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Knotts ◽  
Hakwan Lau ◽  
Megan A. K. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Visual Suppression ◽  
Subjective Awareness ◽  
Pattern Masking ◽  
Suppression Technique ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Perceptual Impairment

AbstractPeters & Lau (2015) found that when criterion bias is controlled for, there is no evidence for unconscious visual perception in normal observers, in the sense that they cannot directly discriminate a target above chance without knowing it. One criticism of that study is that the visual suppression method used, forward and backward masking (FBM), may be too blunt in the way it interferes with visual processing to allow for unconscious forced-choice discrimination. To investigate this question we compared FBM directly to continuous flash suppression (CFS) in a two-interval forced choice task. Although CFS is popular, and may be thought of as a more powerful visual suppression technique, we found no difference in the degree of perceptual impairment between the two suppression types. To the extent that CFS impairs perception, both objective discrimination and subjective awareness are impaired to similar degrees under FBM. This pattern was consistently observed across 3 experiments in which various experimental parameters were varied. These findings provide evidence for an ongoing debate about unconscious perception: normal observers cannot perform forced-choice discrimination tasks unconsciously.

scholarly journals Continuous flash suppression and monocular pattern masking impact subjective awareness similarly

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 1974-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Knotts ◽  
Hakwan Lau ◽  
Megan A. K. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Subjective Awareness ◽  
Pattern Masking

scholarly journals Correction to: Continuous flash suppression and monocular pattern masking impact subjective awareness similarly

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1871-1872
Author(s):  
J. D. Knotts ◽  
Hakwan Lau ◽  
Megan A. K. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Subjective Awareness ◽  
Pattern Masking

scholarly journals Guns are not faster to enter awareness after seeing a Black face: Absence of race-priming in a gun/tool task during continuous flash suppression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Stein ◽  
Tommaso Ciorli ◽  
Marte Otten
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Interocular Suppression ◽  
Continuous Flash Suppression ◽  
Perceptual Effect ◽  
Early Visual Processing ◽  
Suppression Technique ◽  
Black Faces ◽  
Asian Face

Almost two decades of research using the Weapon Identification Task (WIT) show that seeing Black face primes facilitates the identification of guns compared to tools. However, it is unknown whether the stereotype-based association between Black faces and guns impacts initial perceptual processing or only later memory or response-related processes. Here, to test for the presence of a perceptual effect while controlling for memory and response-effect we measured the influence of race-priming on visual awareness during continuous flash suppression (CFS), a strong interocular suppression technique. Eighty-four participants were primed with Black or Asian faces, and then indicated the location of a gun or tool target that was temporarily rendered invisible through CFS. Faster localization in this task reflects faster entry into visual awareness. The same participants also completed a standard WIT gun/tool identification task with Black and Asian face primes. We replicated the standard race-priming effect in the WIT: Black faces primed the identification of guns, while Asian faces primed the identification of tools. However, in the CFS task, Black and Asian primes did not affect when guns and tools enter into awareness. This shows that the stereotypical Black-gun association does not alter early visual processing. Instead it suggests that race-priming most likely originates from later memory- or response-related processing stages.

Habit learning in a forced-choice task

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Dressel ◽  
Teena D. Moody ◽  
Barbara J. Knowlton
Keyword(s):  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Habit Learning ◽  
Forced Choice Task

scholarly journals The Neurophysiology of Backward Visual Masking: Information Analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund T. Rolls ◽  
Martin J. Tovée ◽  
Stefano Panzeri
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Visual Masking ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Short Soas ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Neuronal Responses

Backward masking can potentially provide evidence of the time needed for visual processing, a fundamental constraint that must be incorporated into computational models of vision. Although backward masking has been extensively used psychophysically, there is little direct evidence for the effects of visual masking on neuronal responses. To investigate the effects of a backward masking paradigm on the responses of neurons in the temporal visual cortex, we have shown that the response of the neurons is interrupted by the mask. Under conditions when humans can just identify the stimulus, with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) of 20 msec, neurons in macaques respond to their best stimulus for approximately 30 msec. We now quantify the information that is available from the responses of single neurons under backward masking conditions when two to six faces were shown. We show that the information available is greatly decreased as the mask is brought closer to the stimulus. The decrease is more marked than the decrease in firing rate because it is the selective part of the firing that is especially attenuated by the mask, not the spontaneous firing, and also because the neuronal response is more variable at short SOAs. However, even at the shortest SOA of 20 msec, the information available is on average 0.1 bits. This compares to 0.3 bits with only the 16-msec target stimulus shown and a typical value for such neurons of 0.4 to 0.5 bits with a 500-msec stimulus. The results thus show that considerable information is available from neuronal responses even under backward masking conditions that allow the neurons to have their main response in 30 msec. This provides evidence for how rapid the processing of visual information is in a cortical area and provides a fundamental constraint for understanding how cortical information processing operates.

scholarly journals Which hand is mine? Discriminating body ownership perception in a two-alternative forced choice task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Chancel ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spatial Congruence ◽  
Perception Action

The experience of one’s body as one’s own is referred to as the sense of body ownership. This central part of human conscious experience determines the boundary between the self and the external environment, a crucial distinction in perception, action, and cognition. Although body ownership is known to involve the integration of signals from multiple sensory modalities, including vision, touch and proprioception, little is known about the principles that determine this integration process, and the relationship between body ownership and perception is unclear. These uncertainties stem from the lack of a sensitive and rigorous method to quantify body ownership. Here, we describe a two-alternative forced choice discrimination task that allows precise and direct measurement of body ownership as participants decide which of two rubber hands feels more like their own in a version of the rubber hand illusion. In two experiments, we show that the temporal and spatial congruence principles of multisensory stimulation, which determine ownership discrimination, impose tighter constraints than previously thought and that texture congruence constitutes an additional principle; these findings are compatible with theoretical models of multisensory integration. Taken together, our results suggest that body ownership constitutes a genuine perceptual multisensory phenomenon that can be quantified with psychophysics in discrimination experiments.

scholarly journals RNNs develop history biases in an expectation-guided two-alternative forced choice task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Molano-Mazon ◽  
Guangyu Robert Yang ◽  
Ainhoa Hermoso-Mendizabal ◽  
Jaime de la Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Forced Choice Task

scholarly journals Modulation depth discrimination by cochlear implant users

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Monaghan ◽  
Robert P. Carlyon ◽  
John M. Deeks
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Modulation Depth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Pulse Trains ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Variable Point ◽  
Forced Choice Task

Cochlear implants (CIs) convey the amplitude envelope of speech by modulating high-rate pulse-trains. However, not all of the envelope may be necessary to perceive amplitude modulations (AM); the effective envelope depth may be limited by forward and backward masking from the envelope peaks. Three experiments used modulated pulse-trains to measure which portions of the envelope can be effectively processed by CI users as a function of AM frequency. Experiment 1 used a three-interval forced-choice task to test the ability of CI users to discriminate less-modulated pulse trains from a fully-modulated standard, without controlling for loudness. The stimuli in Experiment 2 were identical, but a two-interval task was used in which participants were required to choose the less-modulated interval, ignoring loudness. Catch trials, in which judgements based on level or modulation depth would give opposing answers were included. Experiment 3 employed novel stimuli whose modulation envelope could be modified below a variable point in the dynamic range, without changing the loudness of the stimulus. Overall, results showed that substantial portions of the envelope are not accurately encoded by CI users. Experiment 1, where loudness cues were available, participants on average were insensitive to changes in the bottom 30% of their dynamic range. In Experiment 2, where loudness was controlled, participants appeared insensitive to changes in the bottom 50% of the dynamic range. In Experiment 3, participants were insensitive to changes in the bottom 80% of the dynamic range. We discuss potential reasons for this insensitivity and implications for CI speech-processing strategies.

scholarly journals When regularization gets it wrong: children over-simplify language input only in production

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1054-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica F. SCHWAB ◽  
Casey LEW-WILLIAMS ◽  
Adele E. GOLDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Artificial Languages ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Unpredictable Variation

AbstractChildren tend to regularize their productions when exposed to artificial languages, an advantageous response to unpredictable variation. But generalizations in natural languages are typically conditioned by factors that children ultimately learn. In two experiments, adult and six-year-old learners witnessed two novel classifiers, probabilistically conditioned by semantics. Whereas adults displayed high accuracy in their productions – applying the semantic criteria to familiar and novel items – children were oblivious to the semantic conditioning. Instead, children regularized their productions, over-relying on only one classifier. However, in a two-alternative forced-choice task, children's performance revealed greater respect for the system's complexity: they selected both classifiers equally, without bias toward one or the other, and displayed better accuracy on familiar items. Given that natural languages are conditioned by multiple factors that children successfully learn, we suggest that their tendency to simplify in production stems from retrieval difficulty when a complex system has not yet been fully learned.

scholarly journals Human listeners’ perception of behavioural context and core affect dimensions in chimpanzee vocalizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1929) ◽  
pp. 20201148
Author(s):  
Roza G. Kamiloğlu ◽  
Katie E. Slocombe ◽  
Daniel B. M. Haun ◽  
Disa A. Sauter
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Core Affect ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Affective Information ◽  
Arousal And Valence

Vocalizations linked to emotional states are partly conserved among phylogenetically related species. This continuity may allow humans to accurately infer affective information from vocalizations produced by chimpanzees. In two pre-registered experiments, we examine human listeners' ability to infer behavioural contexts (e.g. discovering food) and core affect dimensions (arousal and valence) from 155 vocalizations produced by 66 chimpanzees in 10 different positive and negative contexts at high, medium or low arousal levels. In experiment 1, listeners ( n = 310), categorized the vocalizations in a forced-choice task with 10 response options, and rated arousal and valence. In experiment 2, participants ( n = 3120) matched vocalizations to production contexts using yes/no response options. The results show that listeners were accurate at matching vocalizations of most contexts in addition to inferring arousal and valence. Judgments were more accurate for negative as compared to positive vocalizations. An acoustic analysis demonstrated that, listeners made use of brightness and duration cues, and relied on noisiness in making context judgements, and pitch to infer core affect dimensions. Overall, the results suggest that human listeners can infer affective information from chimpanzee vocalizations beyond core affect, indicating phylogenetic continuity in the mapping of vocalizations to behavioural contexts.

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