scholarly journals Antibiotic-driven Escape of Host in a Parasite-induced Red Queen Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. Anzia ◽  
Jomar F. Rabajante
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Red Queen

AbstractWinnerless coevolution of hosts and parasites could exhibit Red Queen dynamics, which is characterized by parasite-driven cyclic switching of expressed host phenotypes. We hypothesize that the application of antibiotics to suppress the reproduction of parasites can provide opportunity for the hosts to escape such winnerless coevolution. Here, we formulate a minimal mathematical model of host-parasite interaction involving multiple host phenotypes that are targeted by adapting parasites. Our model predicts the levels of antibiotic effectiveness that can steer the parasite-driven cyclic switching of host phenotypes (heteroclinic oscillations) to a stable equilibrium of host survival. Our simulations show that uninterrupted application of antibiotic with high-level effectiveness (> 85%) is needed to escape the Red Queen dynamics. Intermittent and low level of antibiotic effectiveness are indeed useless to stop host-parasite coevolution. This study can be a guide in designing good practices and protocols to minimize risk of further progression of parasitic infections.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-driven escape of host in a parasite-induced Red Queen dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 180693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. Anzia ◽  
Jomar F. Rabajante
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Red Queen

Winnerless coevolution of hosts and parasites could exhibit Red Queen dynamics, which is characterized by parasite-driven cyclic switching of expressed host phenotypes. We hypothesize that the application of antibiotics to suppress the reproduction of parasites can provide an opportunity for the hosts to escape such winnerless coevolution. Here, we formulate a minimal mathematical model of host–parasite interaction involving multiple host phenotypes that are targeted by adapting parasites. Our model predicts the levels of antibiotic effectiveness that can steer the parasite-driven cyclic switching of host phenotypes (oscillations) to a stable equilibrium of host survival. Our simulations show that uninterrupted application of antibiotic with high-level effectiveness (greater than 85%) is needed to escape the Red Queen dynamics. Interrupted and low level of antibiotic effectiveness are indeed useless to stop host–parasite coevolution. This study can be a guide in designing good practices and protocols to minimize the risk of further progression of parasitic infections.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Level Control System for the ROV Visor3

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Rúa ◽  
Rafael E. Vásquez
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control System ◽  
Nonlinear Observer ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Level Control System ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

This paper addresses the development of the simulation of the low-level control system for the underwater remotely operated vehicle Visor3. The 6-DOF mathematical model of Visor3 is presented using two coordinated systems: Earth-fixed and body-fixed frames. The navigation, guidance, and control (NGC) structure is divided into three layers: the high level or the mission planner; the mid-level or the path planner; and the low level formed by the navigation and control systems. The nonlinear model-based observer is developed using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) which uses the linearization of the model to estimate the current state. The behavior of the observer is verified through simulations using Simulink®. An experiment was conducted with a trajectory that describes changes in the x and y and yaw components. To accomplish this task, two algorithms are compared: a multiloop PID and PID with gravity compensation. These controllers and the nonlinear observer are tested using the 6-DOF mathematical model of Visor3. The control and navigation systems are a fundamental part of the low-level control system that will allow Visor3’s operators to take advantage of more advanced vehicle’s capabilities during inspection tasks of port facilities, hydroelectric dams, and oceanographic research.

scholarly journals Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. e1501548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomar F. Rabajante ◽  
Jerrold M. Tubay ◽  
Hiromu Ito ◽  
Takashi Uehara ◽  
Satoshi Kakishima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Stochastic Noise ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Cyclic Changes ◽  
Marine Microbial Communities ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Low Amplitude ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Red Queen

Interactions between hosts and parasites have been hypothesized to cause winnerless coevolution, called Red Queen dynamics. The canonical Red Queen dynamics assume that all interacting genotypes of hosts and parasites undergo cyclic changes in abundance through negative frequency-dependent selection, which means that any genotype could become frequent at some stage. However, this prediction cannot explain why many rare genotypes stay rare in natural host-parasite systems. To investigate this, we build a mathematical model involving multihost and multiparasite genotypes. In a deterministic and controlled environment, Red Queen dynamics occur between two genotypes undergoing cyclic dominance changes, whereas the rest of the genotypes remain subordinate for long periods of time in phase-locked synchronized dynamics with low amplitude. However, introduction of stochastic noise in the model might allow the subordinate cyclic host and parasite types to replace dominant cyclic types as new players in the Red Queen dynamics. The factors that influence such evolutionary switching are interhost competition, specificity of parasitism, and degree of stochastic noise. Our model can explain, for the first time, the persistence of rare, hardly cycling genotypes in populations (for example, marine microbial communities) undergoing host-parasite coevolution.

scholarly journals The Red Queen and King in finite populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (27) ◽  
pp. E5396-E5405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Veller ◽  
Laura K. Hayward ◽  
Christian Hilbe ◽  
Martin A. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Red Queen ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Demographic Evolution ◽  
Insight Into

In antagonistic symbioses, such as host–parasite interactions, one population’s success is the other’s loss. In mutualistic symbioses, such as division of labor, both parties can gain, but they might have different preferences over the possible mutualistic arrangements. The rates of evolution of the two populations in a symbiosis are important determinants of which population will be more successful: Faster evolution is thought to be favored in antagonistic symbioses (the “Red Queen effect”), but disfavored in certain mutualistic symbioses (the “Red King effect”). However, it remains unclear which biological parameters drive these effects. Here, we analyze the effects of the various determinants of evolutionary rate: generation time, mutation rate, population size, and the intensity of natural selection. Our main results hold for the case where mutation is infrequent. Slower evolution causes a long-term advantage in an important class of mutualistic interactions. Surprisingly, less intense selection is the strongest driver of this Red King effect, whereas relative mutation rates and generation times have little effect. In antagonistic interactions, faster evolution by any means is beneficial. Our results provide insight into the demographic evolution of symbionts.

scholarly journals Digest: The Red Queen hypothesis demonstrated by the Daphnia -Caullerya host-parasite system†

Evolution ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-716
Author(s):  
María Martín-Peciña ◽  
Carolina Osuna-Mascaró
Keyword(s):  
Red Queen Hypothesis ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Red Queen

scholarly journals Microparasite dispersal in metapopulations: a boon or bane to the host population?

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20181519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina P. Tadiri ◽  
Marilyn E. Scott ◽  
Gregor F. Fussmann
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Parasite Distribution ◽  
High Level ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

Although connectivity can promote host species persistence in a metapopulation, dispersal may also enable disease transmission, an effect further complicated by the impact that parasite distribution may have on host–parasite population dynamics. We investigated the effects of connectivity and initial parasite distribution (clustered or dispersed) on microparasite–host dynamics in experimental metapopulations, using guppies and Gyrodactylus turnbulli . We created metapopulations of guppies divided into four subpopulations and introduced either a low level of parasites to all subpopulations (dispersed) or a high level of parasites to one subpopulation (clustered). Controlled migration among subpopulations occurred every 10 days. In additional trials, we introduced low or high levels of parasites to isolated populations. Parasites persisted longer in metapopulations than in isolated populations. Mortality was lowest in isolated populations with low-level introductions. The interaction of connectivity and initial parasite distribution influenced parasite abundance. With low-level introductions, connectivity helped the parasite persist longer but had little effect on the hosts. With high levels, connectivity also benefited the hosts, lowering parasite burdens. These findings have implications for disease management and species conservation.

scholarly journals Bridging the gap between theory and data: the Red Queen Hypothesis for sex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Woo Park ◽  
Benjamin M Bolker
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Red Queen Hypothesis ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Red Queen

AbstractSexual reproduction persists in nature despite its large cost. The Red Queen Hypothesis postulates that parasite pressure maintains sexual reproduction in the host population by selecting for the ability to produce rare genotypes that are resistant to infection. Mathematical models have been used to lay theoretical foundations for the hypothesis; empirical studies have confirmed these predictions. For example, Lively used a simple host-parasite model to predict that the frequency of sexual hosts should be positively correlated with the prevalence of infection. Lively et al. later confirmed the prediction through numerous field studies of snail-trematode systems in New Zealand. In this study, we fit a simple metapopulation host-parasite coevolution model to three data sets, each representing a different snail-trematode system, by matching the observed prevalence of sexual reproduction and trematode infection among hosts. Using the estimated parameters, we perform a power analysis to test the feasibility of observing the positive correlation predicted by Lively. We discuss anomalies in the data that are poorly explained by the model and provide practical guidance to both modelers and empiricists. Overall, our study suggests that a simple Red Queen model can only partially explain the observed relationships between parasite infection and the maintenance of sexual reproduction.

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