scholarly journals The Red Queen and King in finite populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (27) ◽  
pp. E5396-E5405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Veller ◽  
Laura K. Hayward ◽  
Christian Hilbe ◽  
Martin A. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Red Queen ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Demographic Evolution ◽  
Insight Into

In antagonistic symbioses, such as host–parasite interactions, one population’s success is the other’s loss. In mutualistic symbioses, such as division of labor, both parties can gain, but they might have different preferences over the possible mutualistic arrangements. The rates of evolution of the two populations in a symbiosis are important determinants of which population will be more successful: Faster evolution is thought to be favored in antagonistic symbioses (the “Red Queen effect”), but disfavored in certain mutualistic symbioses (the “Red King effect”). However, it remains unclear which biological parameters drive these effects. Here, we analyze the effects of the various determinants of evolutionary rate: generation time, mutation rate, population size, and the intensity of natural selection. Our main results hold for the case where mutation is infrequent. Slower evolution causes a long-term advantage in an important class of mutualistic interactions. Surprisingly, less intense selection is the strongest driver of this Red King effect, whereas relative mutation rates and generation times have little effect. In antagonistic interactions, faster evolution by any means is beneficial. Our results provide insight into the demographic evolution of symbionts.

scholarly journals Ecological and Evolutionary Oscillations in Host-Parasite Population Dynamics, and The Red Queen

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomar Fajardo Rabajante
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Oscillatory Behavior ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Oscillatory Dynamics ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Red Queen

In a host-parasite system, the constitutive interaction among the species, regulated by the growth rates and functional response, may induce populations to approach equilibrium or sometimes to exhibit simple cycles or peculiar oscillations, such as chaos. A large carrying capacity coupled with appropriate parasitism effectiveness frequently drives long-term apparent oscillatory dynamics in population size. We name these oscillations due to the structure of the constitutive interaction among species as ecological. On the other hand, there are also exceptional cases when the evolving quantitative traits of the hosts and parasites induce oscillating population size, which we call as evolutionary. This oscillatory behavior is dependent on the speed of evolutionary adaptation and degree of evolutionary trade-off. A moderate level of negative trade-off is essential for the existence of oscillations. Evolutionary oscillations due to the host-parasite coevolution (known as the Red Queen) can be observed beyond the ecological oscillations, especially when there are more than two competing species involved.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-driven Escape of Host in a Parasite-induced Red Queen Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. Anzia ◽  
Jomar F. Rabajante
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Red Queen

AbstractWinnerless coevolution of hosts and parasites could exhibit Red Queen dynamics, which is characterized by parasite-driven cyclic switching of expressed host phenotypes. We hypothesize that the application of antibiotics to suppress the reproduction of parasites can provide opportunity for the hosts to escape such winnerless coevolution. Here, we formulate a minimal mathematical model of host-parasite interaction involving multiple host phenotypes that are targeted by adapting parasites. Our model predicts the levels of antibiotic effectiveness that can steer the parasite-driven cyclic switching of host phenotypes (heteroclinic oscillations) to a stable equilibrium of host survival. Our simulations show that uninterrupted application of antibiotic with high-level effectiveness (> 85%) is needed to escape the Red Queen dynamics. Intermittent and low level of antibiotic effectiveness are indeed useless to stop host-parasite coevolution. This study can be a guide in designing good practices and protocols to minimize risk of further progression of parasitic infections.

Building Inclusive States

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Daron Acemoglu ◽  
James A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
State And Society ◽  
And Control ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Queen Effect

Fragility arises when states are ineffective and when they are also illegitimate and unaccountable. These features are interconnected. People don’t want to cooperate with, or cede resources to, a state they cannot influence. We present a simple framework where the key to exiting fragility is a balance between the state and society. The state needs to develop more capacity, but to do this society needs to develop the ability to discipline and control it. We emphasize the existence of this type of “virtuous circle”—a phenomenon we call the “Red Queen effect.” We argue that the way of thinking about state-building is in terms of both widening the corridor in which the Red Queen effect operates and devising strategies to get into the corridor. We show how the framework helps account for the diminishing fragility of the state in post-apartheid South Africa, Somaliland, Sierra Leone, and Colombia.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of gene death in the Red Queen race revealed by the analysis ofde novomicroRNAs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-An Lu ◽  
Yixin Zhao ◽  
Ao Lan ◽  
Zhongqi Liufu ◽  
Haijun Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Mirna Gene ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Red Queen

AbstractThe prevalence ofde novocoding genes is controversial due to the length and coding constraints. Non-coding genes, especially small ones, are freer to evolvede novoby comparison. The best examples are microRNAs (miRNAs), a large class of regulatory molecules ~22 nt in length. Here, we study 6de novomiRNAs inDrosophilawhich, like most new genes, are testis-specific. We ask how and whyde novogenes die because gene death must be sufficiently frequent to balance the many new births. By knocking out each miRNA gene, we could analyze their contributions to each of the 9 components of male fitness (sperm production, length, competitiveness etc.). To our surprise, the knockout mutants often perform better in some components, and slightly worse in others, than the wildtype. When two of the younger miRNAs are assayed in long-term laboratory populations, their total fitness contributions are found to be essentially zero. These results collectively suggest that adaptivede novogenes die regularly, not due to the loss of functionality, but due to the canceling-out of positive and negative fitness effects, which may be characterized as “quasi-neutrality”. Sincede novogenes often emerge adaptively and become lost later, they reveal ongoing period-specific adaptations, reminiscent of the “Red-Queen” metaphor for long term evolution.

G-20 Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 100-108
Keyword(s):  
World System ◽  
Evolutionary Stability ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Queen Effect

This chapter applies the ? model to the G-20 countries. The model suggests that the group is not homogenous. Some G-20 countries are economically efficient, while others are not. The jurisdictional footprints of these countries help explain the efficiency differences. The chapter introduces an evolutionary construct, the Red Queen Effect (RQE) to further explain the evolutionary stability of the world-system. The chapter also provides a brief analysis of the efficiency relativities of European countries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document