scholarly journals Temperature-mediated inhibition of a bumble bee parasite by an intestinal symbiont

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan C Palmer-Young ◽  
Thomas R Raffel ◽  
Quinn S McFrederick
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Metabolic Theory ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Bee Colonies

ABSTRACTCompetition between organisms is often mediated by environmental factors including temperature. In animal intestines, nonpathogenic symbionts compete physically and chemically against pathogens, with consequences for host infection. We used metabolic theory-based models to characterize differential responses to temperature of a bacterial symbiont and a co-occurring trypanosomatid parasite of bumble bees, which regulate body temperature during flight and incubation. We hypothesized that inhibition of parasites by bacterial symbionts would increase with temperature, due to symbionts having higher optimal growth temperatures than parasites.We found that a temperature increase over the range measured in bumble bee colonies would favor symbionts over parasites. As predicted by our hypothesis, symbionts reduced the optimal growth temperature for parasites, both in direct competition and when parasites were exposed to symbiont spent medium. Inhibitory effects of the symbiont increased with temperature, reflecting accelerated growth and acid production by symbionts. Our results indicate that high temperatures, whether due to host endothermy or environmental factors, can enhance the inhibitory effects of symbionts on parasites. Temperature-modulated manipulation of microbiota could be one explanation for fever- and heat-induced reductions of infection in animals, with consequences for diseases of medical and conservation concern.

scholarly journals Temperature-mediated inhibition of a bumblebee parasite by an intestinal symbiont

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1890) ◽  
pp. 20182041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan C. Palmer-Young ◽  
Thomas R. Raffel ◽  
Quinn S. McFrederick
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Metabolic Theory ◽  
Direct Competition ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Host Infection

Competition between organisms is often mediated by environmental factors, including temperature. In animal intestines, nonpathogenic symbionts compete physically and chemically against pathogens, with consequences for host infection. We used metabolic theory-based models to characterize differential responses to temperature of a bacterial symbiont and a co-occurring trypanosomatid parasite of bumblebees, which regulate body temperature during flight and incubation. We hypothesized that inhibition of parasites by bacterial symbionts would increase with temperature, due to symbionts having higher optimal growth temperatures than parasites. We found that a temperature increase over the range measured in bumblebee colonies would favour symbionts over parasites. As predicted by our hypothesis, symbionts reduced the optimal growth temperature for parasites, both in direct competition and when parasites were exposed to symbiont spent medium. Inhibitory effects of the symbiont increased with temperature, reflecting accelerated growth and acid production by symbionts. Our results indicate that high temperatures, whether due to host endothermy or environmental factors, can enhance the inhibitory effects of symbionts on parasites. Temperature-modulated manipulation of microbiota could be one explanation for fever- and heat-induced reductions of infection in animals, with consequences for diseases of medical and conservation concern.

scholarly journals Comparative survival and fitness of bumble bee colonies in natural, suburban, and agricultural landscapes

2019 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 106594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson J. Milano ◽  
Aaron L. Iverson ◽  
Brian A. Nault ◽  
Scott H. McArt
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Bee Colonies

Influence of non-nutrient environmental factors on Ulva pertusa's inhibitory effects on Heterosigma akashiwo growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1052
Author(s):  
Qiu Jin ◽  
Han-Gui Wu ◽  
Xin-Xin Zhang ◽  
Zhong-Lu Ke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Heterosigma Akashiwo ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Green Macroalgae

We studied the effects of four non-nutrient environmental factors (temperature, salinity, irradiance and pH) on the growth inhibition of the macroalgae Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) upon the microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo (Rhaphidophyta). Experiments were conducted in single-factor incubation and various two-factor combination experiments in which temperature (10, 15, 25 and 30°C), salinity (10, 20, 30 and 40 g kg−1 water), irradiance (20, 100, 200 and 400 μmol m−2 s−1), and pH (5.5, 7, 8.5 and 10) were varied systematically. The growth rates of U. pertusa and H. akashiwo and the rate of microalgal growth inhibition were altered significantly by changing some of the non-nutrient factors in both the single-factor and the two-factor experiments. The optimal growth conditions for U. pertusa were 20–25°C, salinity of 30 g kg−1, irradiance level of 200–400 μmol m−2 s−1, and pH 8.5–10; optimal conditions for H. akashiwo growth were 25°C, 30 g kg−1, 100 μmol m−2 s−1 and pH 8.5, respectively. The growth inhibitory influence of U. pertusa on H. akashiwo was strongest at 25°C with low salinity (10 g kg−1), high irradiance (400 μmol m−2 s−1) and high alkalinity (pH = 10). The results of this study may be helpful in the development of methods for using green macroalgae to control the proliferation of microalgae in harmful algal blooms (HABs). In particular, these findings provide guidance regarding optimum levels of non-nutrient environmental factors in confined areas, such as aquaculture factories.

MAINTENANCE OF BUMBLE BEE COLONIES IN OBSERVATION HIVES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pomeroy ◽  
R. C. Plowright
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Internal Heat Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Plaster Of Paris ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
Observation Hive ◽  
Temperature Controlled ◽  
Bee Colonies

AbstractTwo bumble bee observation hive designs are described. Both have a sloping floor to support peripheral brood clumps. One is temperature controlled, using insulated resistance wire as an internal heat source. The other is moulded from a concrete mixture consisting of horticultural Perlite, cement, and plaster of Paris. Techniques for the sanitation, feeding, and handling of laboratory colonies are described.

Sex ratios in bumble bee colonies: Complications due to orphaning?

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin E. Owen ◽  
F. H. Rodd ◽  
R. C. Plowright
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Bee Colonies

scholarly journals The Efficiency in Welfare Expenditure and Economic Growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Park Kyoung Don
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Welfare Spending ◽  
Welfare Expenditure

This paper analyzes the various arguments that support or oppose expansion in social welfare spending. A critical concern is the fear that as welfare expenditure increases, at some point, economic development will decrease. However, increased welfare investment is essential for achieving a welfare state to ensure the optimal growth of the economy and social welfare. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries with a particular welfare regime that efficiently invests welfare spending are regarded as a reference for Korea. In consideration of the environmental factors in each nation, the relative efficiency Level of welfare spending is calculated with panel data. It is evident that Korea`s investment in social welfare from 2003 to 2007 was inefficient. One way to achieve an appropriate balance between social welfare and economic growth is to lessen the inefficiency of welfare investment.

scholarly journals Is diversity in worker body size important for the performance of bumble bee colonies?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob G. Holland ◽  
Shinnosuke Nakayama ◽  
Maurizio Porfiri ◽  
Oded Nov ◽  
Guy Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Insect Societies ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Colony Performance ◽  
Size Diversity ◽  
Individual Effort ◽  
Bee Colonies

ABSTRACTSpecialization and plasticity are important for many forms of collective behavior, but the interplay between these factors is little understood. In insect societies, workers are often predisposed to specialize in different tasks, sometimes with morphological or physiological adaptations, facilitating a division of labor. Workers may also plastically switch between tasks or vary their effort. The degree to which predisposed specialization limits plasticity is not clear and has not been systematically tested in ecologically relevant contexts. We addressed this question in 20 freely-foraging bumble bee (Bombus terrestris) colonies by continually manipulating colonies to contain either a typically diverse or reduced (“homogeneous”) worker body size distribution, over two trials. Pooling both trials, diverse colonies did better in several indices of colony performance. The importance of body size was further demonstrated by the finding that foragers were larger than nurses even in homogeneous colonies with a very narrow body size range. However, the overall effect of size diversity stemmed mostly from one trial. In the other trial, homogeneous and diverse colonies showed comparable performance. By comparing behavioral profiles based on several thousand observations, we found evidence that workers in homogeneous colonies in this trial rescued colony performance by plastically increasing behavioral specialization and/or individual effort, compared to same-sized individuals in diverse colonies. Our results are consistent with a benefit to colonies of predisposed (size-diverse) specialists under certain conditions, but also suggest that plasticity or effort, can compensate for reduced (size-related) specialization. Thus, we suggest that an intricate interplay between specialization and plasticity is functionally adaptive in bumble bee colonies.

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