253 Physiological Responses to Heat Stress of Holstein Heifers Carrying the SLICK1 Allele of the Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Gene

The objectives of this study were to evaluate physiological responses to heat stress of Holstein heifers carrying the SLICK1 allele of the PRLR, i.e., the slick mutation. Slick and non-slick females were produced in central CA (n = 3 farms) and south FL (n = 3 farms) by inseminating cows with semen from two heterozygous slick Holstein sires. In July 2020, a subgroup of heifers of both genotypes (slick=93; non-slick=110) and two age groups (Group 1: 6–8 months old; n = 131; Group 2: 9–51 days old; n = 72) in both states were evaluated for rectal temperature (RT), surface temperature (ST) and sweating rate (SR). Dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and dew point were recorded every 15 min during testing for temperature humidity index (THI) calculation. Statistical models included the effects of genotype, state, farm within state, group, sire, THI, and interactions. Significant effects were considered as those with P < 0.05. Although the THI in CA was lower than FL (80 ± 0.1 vs 84 ± 0.2; P < 0.01), both were above 77 (estimated heat stress threshold for young animals). Slick heifers raised in FL had lower RT compared to non-slick siblings (39.6 ± 0.1 vs 40.1 ±0.1; genotype P < 0.01); this difference was not observed in CA (39.1 ± 0.04 vs 39.1 ± 0.05; genotype P = 0.5; state x genotype P < 0.01). In both states, slick heifers tended to have lower ST (34.7 ± 0.2 vs 35.1 ± 0.2; P = 0.07); CA heifers had lower RT and ST and higher SR (P < 0.01) regardless of genotype. Current results show that presence of the SLICK1 allele can improve the ability of Holstein heifers to regulate body temperature, particularly in high humidity conditions. Next steps will include analysis of performance as study animals enter the reproductive phase. Funding sources: Holstein Association USA and L.E. “Red” Larson Endowment.

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF BROWN SWISS AND MESTIZO BOVINE IN HUMID TROPIC

The ability of ruminants to regulate body temperature depends on the genotype. Dairy breeds are generally more sensitive to heat stress than beef breeds. Higher-producing animals are more susceptible to heat stress because they generate more metabolic heat. The objective of evaluating reproductive performance as a response of adaptability to the management and climatic conditions of the Humid Tropics. 78 animals were used (40 Brown Swiss, from Puno and 38 Mestizas from local origin) raised in humid tropic conditions. Parametric statistics are presented as analysis of measures of central tendency and dispersion, non-parametric statistics by frequency analysis, the χ2 test of independence was used to detect differences, α = 0.05. The categorized and continuous dependent variables were evaluated with Student's t test using SPSS Software v.23. The mean age at first estrus in Brown Swiss was 12.43 months, in mestizo cattle 18.68 months (P <0.05). Average age of first calving in Brown Swiss of 25.25 months versus mestizo cattle 28.34 months (P <0.05). Interval from calving to the first service in Brown Swiss was 99.29 days. Open days observed in Brown Swiss was 107.29 days. The pregnancy rate at the first service in Brown Swiss was 70.0% pregnancy at the first service and 30.0% at the second service, for the mestizo genotype it was 68.4% at the first service, 28.9 at the second and 2.6 at the third service (P> 0.05; X2 = 0.50; p = 0.47). It is concluded that bovine animals of the Brown Swiss genotype have a good reproductive performance in the Humid Tropic climate compared to the Mestizo genotype

Social Thermoregulation: A Meta-Analysis

One key motivating force for bonding across animals is their need to regulate body temperature, also called social thermoregulation. This phenomenon has been extensively documented in animals, but only recently its existence has been suggested in humans. Psychology, however, has been faced with conflicting findings and the social thermoregulation literature has been no exception. We conducted a meta-analysis of the social thermoregulation literature in humans with the goal of estimating bias-corrected effect sizes and examining the evidential value. We included studies in English on humans and coded studies based on three theoretical frameworks (Bargh, Lakoff, and IJzerman). We found that temperature can be “primed” and that support for “compensation” is mixed. Social thermoregulation’s effect sizes are symmetrical and bidirectional and there was insufficient data available to examine claims about moderation by attachment and latitude. Further, based on the available information in the literature, we cannot establish whether social thermoregulatory behaviors and cognitions are automatic. Results for different subfields (e.g., Emotion, Interpersonal) and methods (e.g., verbal/visual or tactile prime) were mixed. Results for the full dataset were moderated by proportion of women in the dataset, but no moderation by climate was detected. Standard error also decreased over the years, meaning that publication practices in this literature are slightly improving, but heterogeneity is substantial. Better measurements, more diverse samples, and Registered Reports will be necessary for a higher-quality social thermoregulation literature.

Carcinoma del conducto ecrino recidivante. A propósito de un caso.

Eccrine sweat glands are widely distributed throughout the body and regulate body temperature in respond to cholinergic stimuli. Eccrine sweat gland carcinomas are rare and were first described by Cornil in 1865. Their incidence is 1% of all cutaneous malignancies, and the wide range of histological appearances and their similarity to metastatic carcinomas have generated uncertainties and controversies for many years regarding its diagnosis, biological behavior, and treatment. We present the case of a patient with eccrine duct carcinoma of the knee that recurred four years after her first excision. Key words: case report, eccrine sweat glands, eccrine duct carcinoma, cutaneous malignancies

Seasonal Fluctuation in Thermoregulatory Behaviour of Long-Billed Vulture (Gyps indicus) by Wing Stretching at Southern Rajasthan, India

Long-billed vulture is warm-blooded and they regulate body temperature by solar radiation. Thermoregulatory behaviour plays an important role for organism survival and its fitness. It also plays a major role in removal of ectozoons, cleaning of body and feathers, elimination of sand particles, wing flexibility and is also helpful in long distance flight. Maximum thermoregulation time recorded in winter were (680±95.65) and minimum were (516.07 ±68.66) seconds in summer in per day. Maximum thermoregulation time’s record in winter was due to low environmental temperature, high humidity and low wind velocity. In winter maximum average temperature was (27.12±2.88°C) and minimum was (8.63±3.03°C), while thermoregulation time minimum recorded in summer due to high environmental temperature. In summer season maximum average temperature was recorded (39.34± 2.10°C) and minimum was (23.08±4.49°C). Thermoregulation is influenced by various ecological parameters like- temperature, rain, sunshine period, wind velocity and cloudy weather. Thermoregulatory times reduced when environmental temperature increased. In summer long billed vulture protect nestling from direct sunlight.

Cellular and Molecular Adaptation of Bovine Granulosa Cells and Oocytes under Heat Stress

Heat stress has long been recognized as a challenging issue that severely influences the reproductive functions of dairy cattle, disrupting oocyte development during fetal growth. These detrimental effects of heat stress are the result of either the hyperthermia associated with heat stress or the physiological adjustments made by the heat-stressed animal to regulate body temperature. In addition, elevated temperatures have been implicated in increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, understanding the impact of heat stress on reproductive functions, from a cellular to molecular level, might help in selecting heat-resilient dairy cattle and developing heat stress mitigation strategies. In the present paper, we have attempted to describe the changes in the reproductive system and function of dairy cattle in response to heat stress by reviewing the latest literature in this area. The review provides useful knowledge on the cellular and genetic basis of oocyte and granulosa cells in heat-stressed dairy cattle, which could be helpful for future research in this area.