scholarly journals Pupil responses to hidden photoreceptor–specific modulations in movies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Spitschan ◽  
Marina Gardasevic ◽  
Franck P. Martial ◽  
Robert J. Lucas ◽  
Annette E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Silent Substitution ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractUnder typical daytime light levels, the human pupillary light response (PLR) is driven by the activity of the L, M, and S cones, and melanopsin expressed in the so-called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). However, the importance of each of these photoreceptive mechanisms in defining pupil size under real-world viewing conditions remains to be established. To address this question, we embedded photoreceptor-specific modulations in a movie displayed using a novel projector-based five-primary spatial stimulation system, which allowed for the precise control of photoreceptor activations in time and space. We measured the pupillary light response in eleven observers, who viewed short cartoon movies which contained hidden low-frequency (0.25 Hz) silent-substitution modulations of the L, M and S cones (no stimulation of melanopsin), melanopsin (no stimulation of L, M and S cones), both L, M, and S cones and melanopsin or no modulation at all. We find that all photoreceptors active at photopic light levels regulate pupil size under this condition. Our data imply that embedding modulations in photoreceptor contrast could provide a method to manipulate key adaptive aspects of the human visual system in everyday, real-world activities such as watching a movie.

scholarly journals Contributions of the Melanopsin-Expressing Ganglion Cells, Cones, and Rods to the Pupillary Light Response in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 3002
Author(s):  
Gloria L. Duque–Chica ◽  
Carolina P. B. Gracitelli ◽  
Ana L. A. Moura ◽  
Balázs V. Nagy ◽  
Kallene S. Vidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

scholarly journals The Pupillary Light Response Reflects Visual Working Memory Content

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecília Hustá ◽  
Edwin Dalmaijer ◽  
Artem Belopolsky ◽  
Sebastiaan Mathôt
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Active Memory ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Memory Content ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions

AbstractRecent studies have shown that the pupillary light response (PLR) is modulated by higher cognitive functions, presumably through activity in visual sensory brain areas. Here we use the PLR to test the involvement of sensory areas in visual working memory (VWM). In two experiments, participants memorized either bright or dark stimuli. We found that pupils were smaller when a pre-stimulus cue indicated that a bright stimulus should be memorized; this reflects a covert shift of attention during encoding of items into VWM. Crucially, we obtained the same result with a post-stimulus cue, which shows that internal shifts of attention within VWM affect pupil size as well. Strikingly, pupil size reflected VWM content only briefly. This suggests that a shift of attention within VWM momentarily activates an “active” memory representation, but that this representation quickly transforms into a “hidden” state that does not rely on sensory areas.

scholarly journals The pupil responds spontaneously to perceived numerosity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Castaldi ◽  
Antonella Pomè ◽  
Guido Marco Cicchini ◽  
David Burr ◽  
Paola Binda
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Light Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Feature ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Pupillary Light

AbstractAlthough luminance is the main determinant of pupil size, the amplitude of the pupillary light response is also modulated by stimulus appearance and attention. Here we ask whether perceived numerosity modulates the pupillary light response. Participants passively observed arrays of black or white dots of matched physical luminance but different physical or illusory numerosity. In half the patterns, pairs of dots were connected by lines to create dumbbell-like shapes, inducing an illusory underestimation of perceived numerosity; in the other half, connectors were either displaced or removed. Constriction to white arrays and dilation to black were stronger for patterns with higher perceived numerosity, either physical or illusory, with the strength of the pupillary light response scaling with the perceived numerosity of the arrays. Our results show that even without an explicit task, numerosity modulates a simple automatic reflex, suggesting that numerosity is a spontaneously encoded visual feature.

scholarly journals Altered pupillary light response scales with disease severity in migrainous photophobia

Cephalalgia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 801-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa M Cortez ◽  
Natalie A Rea ◽  
Lindsay A Hunter ◽  
Kathleen B Digre ◽  
KC Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Headache Severity ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Infrared Pupillometry ◽  
Diameter Change

Background Autonomic dysfunction and light sensitivity are core features of the migraine attack. Growing evidence also suggests changes in these parameters between attacks. Though sensory and autonomic responses likely interact, they have not been studied together across the spectrum of disease in migraine. Methods We performed digital infrared pupillometry while collecting interictal photophobia thresholds (PPT) in 36 migraineurs (14 episodic; 12 chronic; 10 probable) and 24 age and sex-matched non-headache controls. Quantitative pupillary light reflexes (PLR) were assessed in a subset of subjects, allowing distinction of sympathetic vs parasympathetic pupillary function. A structured questionnaire was used to ascertain migraine diagnosis, headache severity, and affective symptoms. Results Photophobia thresholds were significantly lower in migraineurs than controls, and were lowest in chronic migraine, consistent with a disease-related gradient. Lower PPT correlated with smaller dark-adapted pupil size and larger end pupil size at PPT, which corresponded to a reduced diameter change. On PLR testing, measures of both parasympathetic constriction and sympathetic re-dilation were reduced in migraineurs with clinically severe migraine. Conclusions In summary, we show that severity of photophobia in migraine scales with disease severity, in association with shifts in pupillary light responses. These alterations suggest centrally mediated autonomic adaptations to chronic light sensitivity.

scholarly journals RdgB2 is required for dim-light input into intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 3671-3678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marquis T. Walker ◽  
Alan Rupp ◽  
Rebecca Elsaesser ◽  
Ali D. Güler ◽  
Wenlong Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Dim Light ◽  
Light Input

A subset of retinal ganglion cells is intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs) and contributes directly to the pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment under bright-light conditions. ipRGCs are also indirectly activated by light through cellular circuits initiated in rods and cones. A mammalian homologue (RdgB2) of a phosphoinositide transfer/exchange protein that functions in Drosophila phototransduction is expressed in the retinal ganglion cell layer. This raised the possibility that RdgB2 might function in the intrinsic light response in ipRGCs, which depends on a cascade reminiscent of Drosophila phototransduction. Here we found that under high light intensities, RdgB2− /− mutant mice showed normal pupillary light responses and circadian photoentrainment. Consistent with this behavioral phenotype, the intrinsic light responses of ipRGCs in RdgB2− /− were indistinguishable from wild-type. In contrast, under low-light conditions, RdgB2− /− mutants displayed defects in both circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light response. The RdgB2 protein was not expressed in ipRGCs but was in GABAergic amacrine cells, which provided inhibitory feedback onto bipolar cells. We propose that RdgB2 is required in a cellular circuit that transduces light input from rods to bipolar cells that are coupled to GABAergic amacrine cells and ultimately to ipRGCs, thereby enabling ipRGCs to respond to dim light.

scholarly journals Retinal circuits driving a non-image forming visual behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Beier ◽  
Ulisse Bocchero ◽  
Zhijing Zhang ◽  
Nange Jin ◽  
Stephen C. Massey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Response ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Rods And Cones ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Signal Light ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
On And Off Pathways ◽  
Primary Rod Pathway ◽  
The Brain

AbstractOuter retinal circuits that drive non-image forming vision in mammals are unknown. Rods and cones signal light increments and decrements to the brain through the ON and OFF pathways, respectively. Although their contribution to image-forming vision is known, the contributions of the ON and OFF pathway to the pupillary light response (PLR), a non-image forming behavior, are unexplored. Here we use genetically modified mouse lines, to comprehensively define the outer retinal circuits driving the PLR. The OFF pathway, which mirrors the ON pathway in image-forming vision, plays no role in the PLR. We found that rods use the primary rod pathway to drive the PLR at scotopic light levels. At photopic light levels, the primary and secondary rod pathways drive normal PLR. Importantly, we find that cones are unable to compensate for rods. Thus, retinal circuit dynamics allow rods to drive the PLR across a wide range of light intensities.

scholarly journals Exploring the interaction between the pupillary light response after exogenous attentional cueing and detection performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiemen J. Wagenvoort ◽  
Rosanne H. Timmerman ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel ◽  
Jasper H. Fabius
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Bright Side

AbstractPupil size changes under different light conditions. Whereas this pupillary light response (PLR) has long been regarded to be influenced by luminance only, recent studies indicated the PLR is also modulated by cognitive factors such as the allocation of spatial attention. This attentional modulation of the PLR has previously been hypothesized to facilitate detection and discrimination of visual information. Here, we replicated the finding that the pupil dilates when a cue is presented at the dark side of a screen and constricts when the cue is presented at the bright side, even when the eyes are fixated at the center. Furthermore, we investigated whether this modulation of the PLR, evoked by exogenous shifts of covert attention, facilitates perception operationalized as detection performance for threshold stimuli. Results showed that a larger pupil was indeed related to increased detection performance, although this effect was restricted to conditions in which both cue and target appeared on a dark surface. Our findings are in line with the notion that pupil dilations improve detectability, whereas pupil constrictions enhance discriminability of small stimuli.

scholarly journals Melanopsin- and L-cone–induced pupil constriction is inhibited by S- and M-cones in humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Woelders ◽  
Thomas Leenheers ◽  
Marijke C. M. Gordijn ◽  
Roelof A. Hut ◽  
Domien G. M. Beersma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Brightness Discrimination ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Constant Intensity ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Pupillary Constriction ◽  
Pupil Constriction

The human retina contains five photoreceptor types: rods; short (S)-, mid (M)-, and long (L)-wavelength–sensitive cones; and melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells. Recently, it has been shown that selective increments in M-cone activation are paradoxically perceived as brightness decrements, as opposed to L-cone increments. Here we show that similar effects are also observed in the pupillary light response, whereby M-cone or S-cone increments lead to pupil dilation whereas L-cone or melanopic illuminance increments resulted in pupil constriction. Additionally, intermittent photoreceptor activation increased pupil constriction over a 30-min interval. Modulation of L-cone or melanopic illuminance within the 0.25–4-Hz frequency range resulted in more sustained pupillary constriction than light of constant intensity. Opposite results were found for S-cone and M-cone modulations (2 Hz), mirroring the dichotomy observed in the transient responses. The transient and sustained pupillary light responses therefore suggest that S- and M-cones provide inhibitory input to the pupillary control system when selectively activated, whereas L-cones and melanopsin response fulfill an excitatory role. These findings provide insight into functional networks in the human retina and the effect of color-coding in nonvisual responses to light, and imply that nonvisual and visual brightness discrimination may share a common pathway that starts in the retina.

scholarly journals Orexin-A Intensifies Mouse Pupillary Light Response by Modulating Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells

2021 ◽  
pp. JN-RM-0217-20
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Li-Qin Wang ◽  
Yu-Qi Shao ◽  
Xu Han ◽  
Chen-Xi Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Orexin A ◽  
Pupillary Light
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