scholarly journals The embryonic transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falko Hofmann ◽  
Michael A. Schon ◽  
Michael D. Nodine
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Biological Processes

AbstractCellular differentiation is associated with changes in transcript populations. Accurate quantification of transcriptomes during development can thus provide global insights into differentiation processes including the fundamental specification and differentiation events operating during plant embryogenesis. However, multiple technical challenges have limited the ability to obtain high quality early embryonic transcriptomes, namely the low amount of RNA obtainable and contamination from surrounding endosperm and seed-coat tissues. We compared the performance of three low-input mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) library preparation kits on 0.1 to 5 nanograms (ng) of total RNA isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) embryos and identified a low-cost method with superior performance. This mRNA-seq method was then used to profile the transcriptomes of Arabidopsis embryos across eight developmental stages. By comprehensively comparing embryonic and post-embryonic transcriptomes, we found that embryonic transcriptomes do not resemble any other plant tissue we analyzed. Moreover, transcriptome clustering analyses revealed the presence of four distinct phases of embryogenesis which are enriched in specific biological processes. We also compared zygotic embryo transcriptomes with publicly available somatic embryo transcriptomes. Strikingly, we found little resemblance between zygotic embryos and somatic embryos derived from late-staged zygotic embryos suggesting that the molecular basis of somatic and zygotic embryogenesis are distinct from each other. In addition to the biological insights gained from our systematic characterization of the Arabidopsis embryonic transcriptome, we provide a data-rich resource for the community to explore.Key MessageArabidopsis embryos possess unique transcriptomes relative to other plant tissues including somatic embryos, and can be partitioned into four transcriptional phases with characteristic biological processes.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Storage Proteins in Zygotic and Somatic Embryos of Geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Madakadze ◽  
J.E. Krochko ◽  
T. Senaratna
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Storage Proteins ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Disulphide Bonds ◽  
Embryo Storage Protein ◽  
11S Globulin

Storage proteins in zygotic and somatic embryos of `Scarlet Orbit Improved', zonal geranium (Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bail.) were identified and characterized using gel electrophoresis. The major seed storage proteins in zygotic embryos were an 11S globulin and two low molecular weight (LMW1-2) proteins. The 11S globulin consisted of four distinct subunits (53-74 ku), with each subunit being composed of an acidic polypeptide (A1-A4; 28-44 ku) linked via disulphide bonds to a basic polypeptide (B1-B4; 20-25 ku) and was named pelargin. The LMW (15.5 and 12,5 ku) albumins were not linked with disulphide bonds. Mature somatic embryos contained 80% of the proteins in zygotic embryos. Although protein profiles were more distinct in mature somatic embryos compared to nonmature, none of the zygotic embryo storage protein was present in the somatic embryos, indicating lack of complete maturity of somatic embryos. This study identified zygotic embryo proteins and demonstrated that maturation of somatic embryos improves protein content and types of proteins.

Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc.

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Bozhkov ◽  
I. S. Ahn ◽  
Y. G. Park
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Origin

Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

scholarly journals Coconut Tissue Culture: The Indian Initiatives, Experiences and Achievements

CORD ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Anitha Karun
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Shoot Meristem ◽  
Direct Organogenesis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Immature Inflorescence ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Coconut is one of the principal crops of India cultivated in over 35 districts mainly in the southern states. The productivity of the crop is declining in many of the traditionally cultivated regions owing to ageing plantations as well as biotic and abiotic stresses. These plantations are to be replanted with high yielding varieties/hybrids for which adequate quantity of quality planting material is not available. Even though tissue culture research was initiated in many laboratories in the country, the work was eventually phased out in most of the laboratories for want of a repeatable protocol.  At ICAR-CPCRI, coconut tissue culture programs have been continuing for the past three decades. The attempts made include experimentation with different explants viz., immature inflorescence, plumular tissues, mature palm shoot meristem, ovary and anthers and different culture media supplemented with varying levels and types of hormones. Some of the successful protocols developed at the Institute include coconut zygotic embryo culture for collection and exchange of germplasm, cryopreservation and retrieval of zygotic embryos and pollen and plantlet regeneration from plumular tissues. Even though ICAR-CPCRI has succeeded in obtaining plantlets via direct organogenesis from inflorescence explants, the absence of friable calli formation from explants, the low rate of somatic embryo formation, large number of cultures turning to abnormal shoot development, non conversion of somatic embryos into plantlets, and formation of abnormal somatic embryos remain the major bottlenecks. Gene expression studies are being currently undertaken to decipher the molecular basis of in vitro recalcitrance.

scholarly journals Enhanced Somatic Embryo Induction of a Tree Peony, Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’, by a Combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1-naphthylacetic Acid (NAA)

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuxia Ren ◽  
Ya Liu ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Hypocotyl Explants ◽  
Cotyledon Explants ◽  
Embryo Induction ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid ◽  
Better Than

Somatic embryogenesis is a preferred method for vegetative propagation due to its high propagation efficiency. In this study, zygotic embryos, cotyledons, and hypocotyls of Paeonia ostii ‘Fengdan’ were used as the explant to induce somatic embryogenesis. The results showed that a combination of 0.5 mg·L−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg·L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was effective in inducing somatic embryos from the zygotic embryo and cotyledon explants. Hypocotyls only formed somatic embryos on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with both 0.5 mg·L−1 TDZ and 0.5 mg·L−1 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). Moreover, the compact callus was effectively produced from zygotic embryo, cotyledon, and hypocotyl explants in medium supplemented with a combination of 3.0 mg·L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1.0 mg·L−1 NAA, and then converted into somatic embryos in the same medium, and the ratio of the explants with embryo induction and number of embryos induced per explant were much higher than those induced by 0.5 mg·L−1 TDZ and either 0.5 mg·L−1 2,4-D or 0.5 mg·L−1 NAA. The MS medium was better than the woody plant medium (WPM) for inducing somatic embryos from zygotic embryo and hypocotyl explants, whereas the WPM was better than the MS medium for somatic embryogenesis induction from cotyledon explants. All of the somatic embryos developed well into mature embryos on their respective media supplemented with both 3.0 mg·L−1 BA and 1.0 mg·L−1 NAA. Overall, the protocols for indirect somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryo, cotyledon, and hypocotyl of P. ostii ‘Fengdan’ were successfully established, which can greatly facilitate their propagation and breeding processes.

Biochemical Characterization of Developmental Stages of Cycad Somatic Embryos

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Vargas–Luna ◽  
G. Ortiz–Montiel ◽  
V. M. Chávez ◽  
R. E. Litz ◽  
P. A. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Developmental Stages

scholarly journals Manifestation of embryogenic potential in culture of zygotic embryos of Quercus robur L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria G. Ostrolucká ◽  
Diana Krajmerová
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Embryo Germination ◽  
Repetitive Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Secondary Embryos ◽  
Somatic Embryo Conversion

For the initiation of somatic embryogenesis early cotyledonary stage of zygotic embryo explants (from 15th July until late August) was suitable. The highest frequency of differentiation of somatic embryos was obtained on cotyledons of zygotic embryos cultured on basal modified medium MS (with 1/2 concentration macronutrients) or WPM medium containing 500 mg•l<sup>-1</sup> glutamine, proline and casein hydrolysate and supplemented with 2,4-D (1,0-2,0 mg•l<sup>-1</sup>) and BAP (0,5-1,0 mg•l<sup>-1</sup>). The development of somatic embryos was direct and indirect and the process was continuous over a long period. Primary somatic embryos were able to produce secondary embryos. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis led to the proliferation of a large number of new somatic embryos on their cotyledons, hypocotyl or radicula. The process of embryo differentation is asynchronous - various stages of somatic embryos could be observed in embryogenic culture. A somatic embryo conversion was rare on tested media. Embryo germination occured on medium containing BAP (0,1 mg•l<sup>-1</sup>) or on medium with ABA and GA<sub>3</sub> (each 0,2 mg•l<sup>-1</sup>) after a previous culture on WPM medium without plant growth regulators supplemented with sorbitol (6%). The embryo germination occurred also on WPM medium with 0.2 mg•l<sup>-1</sup> BAP when cultures were mantained at 2<sup>o</sup>C for 4 weeks. Only 8 somatic embryos developed into plantlets. Their transplantation to <em>in vivo</em> conditions was unsuccessful.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF ZYGOTIC AND SOMATIC EMBRYOGENES1S IN CERCIS CANADENSIS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1167d-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.G. Buckley ◽  
E.T. Graham ◽  
R.N. Trigiano
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
University Of Tennessee ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Developmental Sequences ◽  
The University ◽  
Shoot Meristems

Zygotic and somatic embryos are purported to follow similar developmental sequences, but few investigations have thoroughly compared the two processes. Developing pods of Cercis canadensis L. (redbud) were collected from trees on the Knoxville campus of the University of Tennessee once or twice per week from 28 March to 8 August 1991. At least 10 ovules/sample date were fixed in FAA to evaluate zygotic embryo ontogeny. A minimum of 40 ovules/sample date were aseptically excised and placed on SH medium supplemented with 9.0 μM 2,4-D and 5 mM ammonium ion to initate somatic embryogenesis. Zygotic and somatic embryos were prepared for histological examination using standard paraffin techniques. Somatic embryos developed primarily from cotyledons and epicotyls of zygotic embryos mat were cultured between 6 June and 19 July. Somatic and zygotic embryos were subtended by multiseriate suspensors and progressed through recognizable globular, cordate and cotyledonary stages of development. Cotyledon morphology was similar for both embryo types. However, many somatic embryos failed to differentiate dome-shaped shoot meristems exhibited by their zygotic counterparts.

scholarly journals Histocytological Study of Somatic Embryogenesis in the Tree Cinnamomum camphora L. (Lauraceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1348-1358
Author(s):  
Ruyue JING ◽  
Peilan WANG ◽  
Zhen HUANG ◽  
Zhihui LI
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryogenesis ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cinnamomum Camphora ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Embryogenic Cells

Histocytological studies were conducted on primary, secondary, and malformed embryos produced during somatic embryogenesis of Cinnamomum camphora L. to better understand its development. Exploring its callus types and structures provided a theoretical basis for clarifying the mechanism of somatic embryogenesis, which may shed light on the mechanism of zygotic embryogenesis. We used immature zygotic embryos as explants to induce somatic embryos, forming many embryogenic calli that differentiated into mature somatic embryos. Our results showed that somatic embryogenesis of C. camphora was similar to that of zygotic embryos. We have been dedifferentiated four types of callus. Compared with non-embryogenic cells, embryogenic cells had a closer arrangement, larger nucleus, thicker cytoplasm, more starch granules and easier to stain into black. Somatic embryogenesis had two pathways: direct (predominate) and indirect (rare). Embryogenic cells of C. camphora could have either an internal or external origin, the latter being primary, for which occurrence sites include epidermis and near-epidermis (little internally). Mostly arising from single cells, C. camphora follows two developmental pathways: single-cell equal as opposed to unequal, wherein both divide to form multi-cell proembryos. However, multicellular origins can occasionally occur and feature physiological isolation during somatic embryo development. This development has four embryo stages: globular, heart-shaped, torpedo, and cotyledon, with procambium cells apparent in globular embryos and late cotyledons forming “Y-shaped” vascular bundles. Secondary embryos were present in all stages, directly occurring on primary embryo’s germ and radicle end surfaces. We conclude that secondary and primary embryos of C. camphora undergo similar developmental processes. At the same time, conjoined cotyledon embryos and morphological abnormal embryos were found, with an internal origin more likely to generate abnormal embryos.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

Characterization of the formation of somatic embryos from mature zygotic embryos of Passiflora ligularis Juss.

2017 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora de Oliveira Prudente ◽  
Renato Paiva ◽  
Sebastien Carpentier ◽  
Rony Swennen ◽  
Fernanda Carlota Nery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryos
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