scholarly journals 3D computational models explain muscle activation patterns and energetic functions of internal structures in fish swimming

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingyu Ming ◽  
Bowen Jin ◽  
Jialei Song ◽  
Haoxiang Luo ◽  
Ruxu Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Dynamics Models

AbstractHow muscles are used is a key to understanding the internal driving of fish swimming. However, the underlying mechanisms of some features of the muscle activation patterns and their differential appearance on different species are still obscure. In this study, we explain the muscle activation patterns by using 3D computational fluid dynamics models coupled to the motion of fish with prescribed deformation and examining the torque and power required along the fish body with two primary swimming modes. We find that the torque required by the hydrodynamic forces and body inertia exhibits a wave pattern that travels faster than the curvature wave in both anguilliform and carangiform swimmers, which can explain the traveling wave speeds of the muscle activations. Most interestingly, intermittent negative power (i.e., power delivered by the fluid to the body) on the posterior part, along with a timely transfer of torque and energy by tendons, explains the decrease of the duration of muscle activation towards the tail. The torque contribution from the body elasticity further solves the mystery of the wave speed increase or the reverse of the wave direction of the muscle activation on the posterior part of a carangiform swimmer. For anguilliform swimmers, the absence of the changes mentioned above in the muscle activation on the posterior part is in line with our torque prediction and the absence of long tendons from experimental observations. These results provide novel insights into the function of muscles and tendons as an integrative part of the internal driving system, especially from an energy perspective, and highlight the differences in the internal driving systems between the two primary swimming modes.Author summaryFor undulatory swimming, fish form posteriorly traveling waves of body bending by activating their muscles sequentially along the body. However, experimental observations have showed that the muscle activation wave does not simply match the bending wave. Researchers have previously computed the torque required for muscles along the body based on classic hydrodynamic theories and explained the higher wave speed of the muscle activation compared to the curvature wave. However, the origins of other features of the muscle activation pattern and their variation among different species are still obscure after decades of research. In this study, we use 3D computational fluid dynamics models to compute the spatiotemporal distributions of both the torque and power required for eel-like and mackerel-like swimming. By examining both the torque and power patterns and considering the energy transfer, storage, and release by tendons and body viscoelasticity, we can explain not only the features and variations in the muscle activation patterns as observed from fish experiments but also how tendons and body elasticity save energy. We provide a mechanical picture in which the body shape, body movement, muscles, tendons, and body elasticity of a mackerel (or similar) orchestrate to make swimming efficient.

Red muscle activation patterns in yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas during steady swimming

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (16) ◽  
pp. 2127-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Knower ◽  
R.E. Shadwick ◽  
S.L. Katz ◽  
J.B. Graham ◽  
C.S. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Swimming Mode

To learn about muscle function in two species of tuna (yellowfin Thunnus albacares and skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis), a series of electromyogram (EMG) electrodes was implanted down the length of the body in the internal red (aerobic) muscle. Additionally, a buckle force transducer was fitted around the deep caudal tendons on the same side of the peduncle as the electrodes. Recordings of muscle activity and caudal tendon forces were made while the fish swam over a range of steady, sustainable cruising speeds in a large water tunnel treadmill. In both species, the onset of red muscle activation proceeds sequentially in a rostro-caudal direction, while the offset (or deactivation) is nearly simultaneous at all sites, so that EMG burst duration decreases towards the tail. Muscle duty cycle at each location remains a constant proportion of the tailbeat period (T), independent of swimming speed, and peak force is registered in the tail tendons just as all ipsilateral muscle deactivates. Mean duty cycles in skipjack are longer than those in yellowfin. In yellowfin red muscle, there is complete segregation of contralateral activity, while in skipjack there is slight overlap. In both species, all internal red muscle on one side is active simultaneously for part of each cycle, lasting 0.18T in yellowfin and 0.11T in skipjack. (Across the distance encompassing the majority of the red muscle mass, 0.35-0.65L, where L is fork length, the duration is 0.25T in both species.) When red muscle activation patterns were compared across a variety of fish species, it became apparent that the EMG patterns grade in a progression that parallels the kinematic spectrum of swimming modes from anguilliform to thunniform. The tuna EMG pattern, underlying the thunniform swimming mode, culminates this progression, exhibiting an activation pattern at the extreme opposite end of the spectrum from the anguilliform mode.

scholarly journals Subject-Specific Muscle Synergies in Human Balance Control Are Consistent Across Different Biomechanical Contexts

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 3084-3098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gelsy Torres-Oviedo ◽  
Lena H. Ting
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Nonnegative Matrix ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Specific Muscle

The musculoskeletal redundancy of the body provides multiple solutions for performing motor tasks. We have proposed that the nervous system solves this unconstrained problem through the recruitment of motor modules or functional muscle synergies that map motor intention to action. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that trial-by-trial variations in muscle activation for multidirectional balance control in humans were constrained by a small set of muscle synergies. However, apparent muscle synergy structures could arise from characteristic patterns of sensory input resulting from perturbations or from low-dimensional optimal motor solutions. Here we studied electromyographic (EMG) responses for balance control across a range of biomechanical contexts, which alter not only the sensory inflow generated by postural perturbations, but also the muscle activation patterns used to restore balance. Support-surface translations in 12 directions were delivered to subjects standing in six different postural configurations: one-leg, narrow, wide, very wide, crouched, and normal stance. Muscle synergies were extracted from each condition using nonnegative matrix factorization. In addition, muscle synergies from the normal stance condition were used to reconstruct muscle activation patterns across all stance conditions. A consistent set of muscle synergies were recruited by each subject across conditions. When balance demands were extremely different from the normal stance (e.g., one-legged or crouched stance), task-specific muscle synergies were recruited in addition to the preexisting ones, rather generating de novo muscle synergies. Taken together, our results suggest that muscle synergies represent consistent motor modules that map intention to action, regardless of the biomechanical context of the task.

scholarly journals The effect of hyper-pronated foot on postural control and ankle muscle activity during running and cutting movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-220
Author(s):  
Zahed Mantashloo ◽  
Heydar Sadeghi ◽  
Mehdi Khaleghi Tazji ◽  
Vanessa Rice ◽  
Elizabeth J Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Ankle Muscle

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hyper pronated foot on postural control and ankle muscle activity during running and cutting movement (v-cut). Methods: In this Cross-Sectional study, 42 young physically active (exercising three times per week regularly) males participated in this study, including 21 with hyper-pronated feet and 21 with normal feet. Each participant completed a running and cutting task. Body postural control was measured using a force platform (1000Hz) which was synchronized with surface electromyography of selected ankle muscles. MATLAB software was used to process and analyze the data. One-away ANOVA was used to identify any differences between groups. Results: Differing muscle activation patterns in the surrounding ankle musculature (tibialis anterior, peroneus longus) through to reduced postural stability in the medial-lateral direction and increased vertical ground reaction forces were observed between groups. Conclusion: According to the obtained results it seems that subtalar hyper-pronation can be regarded as a factor affecting the biomechanics of cutting by changing activation patterns of the muscles surrounding the ankle, and reducing postural control of the body in medial-lateral direction, but not in anterior-posterior direction.

Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1369-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Horak ◽  
L. M. Nashner
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Horizontal Shear ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
Support Surfaces

We studied the extent to which automatic postural actions in standing human subjects are organized by a limited repertoire of central motor programs. Subjects stood on support surfaces of various lengths, which forced them to adopt different postural movement strategies to compensate for the same external perturbations. We assessed whether a continuum or a limited set of muscle activation patterns was used to produce different movement patterns and the extent to which movement patterns were influenced by prior experience. Exposing subjects standing on a normal support surface to brief forward and backward horizontal surface perturbations elicited relatively stereotyped patterns of leg and trunk muscle activation with 73- to 110-ms latencies. Activity began in the ankle joint muscles and then radiated in sequence to thigh and then trunk muscles on the same dorsal or ventral aspect of the body. This activation pattern exerted compensatory torques about the ankle joints, which restored equilibrium by moving the body center of mass forward or backward. This pattern has been termed the ankle strategy because it restores equilibrium by moving the body primarily around the ankle joints. To successfully maintain balance while standing on a support surface short in relation to foot length, subjects activated leg and trunk muscles at similar latencies but organized the activity differently. The trunk and thigh muscles antagonistic to those used in the ankle strategy were activated in the opposite proximal-to-distal sequence, whereas the ankle muscles were generally unresponsive. This activation pattern produced a compensatory horizontal shear force against the support surface but little, if any, ankle torque. This pattern has been termed the hip strategy, because the resulting motion is focused primarily about the hip joints. Exposing subjects to horizontal surface perturbations while standing on support surfaces intermediate in length between the shortest and longest elicited more complex postural movements and associated muscle activation patterns that resembled ankle and hip strategies combined in different temporal relations. These complex postural movements were executed with combinations of torque and horizontal shear forces and motions of ankle and hip joints. During the first 5-20 practice trials immediately following changes from one support surface length to another, response latencies were unchanged. The activation patterns, however, were complex and resembled the patterns observed during well-practiced stance on surfaces of intermediate lengths.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Muscle activation patterns are bilaterally linked during split-belt treadmill walking in humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 1541-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. MacLellan ◽  
Y. P. Ivanenko ◽  
F. Massaad ◽  
S. M. Bruijn ◽  
J. Duysens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Nonnegative Matrix ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Heel Contact

There is growing evidence that human locomotion is controlled by flexibly combining a set of basic muscle activity patterns. To explore how these patterns are modified to cope with environmental constraints, 10 healthy young adults 1st walked on a split-belt treadmill at symmetric speeds of 4 and 6 km/h for 2 min. An asymmetric condition was then performed for 10 min in which treadmill speeds for the dominant (fast) and nondominant (slow) sides were 6 and 4 km/h, respectively. This was immediately followed by a symmetric speed condition of 4 km/h for 5 min. Gait kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded. Electromyography (EMG) was collected from 12 lower limb muscles on each side of the body. Nonnegative matrix factorization was applied to the EMG signals bilaterally and unilaterally to obtain basic activation patterns. A cross-correlation analysis was then used to quantify temporal changes in the activation patterns. During the early (1st 10 strides) and late (final 10 strides) phases of the asymmetric condition, the patterns related to ankle plantar flexor (push-off) of the fast limb and quadriceps muscle (contralateral heel contact) of the slow limb occurred earlier in the gait cycle compared with the symmetric conditions. Moreover, a bilateral temporal alignment of basic patterns between limbs was still maintained in the split-belt condition since a similar shift was observed in the unilateral patterns. The results suggest that the temporal structure of these locomotor patterns is shaped by sensory feedback and that the patterns are bilaterally linked.

scholarly journals Costs of position, velocity, and force requirements in optimal control induce triphasic muscle activation during reaching movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Ueyama
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Antagonist Muscles ◽  
Neural Input

AbstractThe nervous system activates a pair of agonist and antagonist muscles to determine the muscle activation pattern for a desired movement. Although there is a problem with redundancy, it is solved immediately, and movements are generated with characteristic muscle activation patterns in which antagonistic muscle pairs show alternate bursts with a triphasic shape. To investigate the requirements for deriving this pattern, this study simulated arm movement numerically by adopting a musculoskeletal arm model and an optimal control. The simulation reproduced the triphasic electromyogram (EMG) pattern observed in a reaching movement using a cost function that considered three terms: end-point position, velocity, and force required; the function minimised neural input. The first, second, and third bursts of muscle activity were generated by the cost terms of position, velocity, and force, respectively. Thus, we concluded that the costs of position, velocity, and force requirements in optimal control can induce triphasic EMG patterns. Therefore, we suggest that the nervous system may control the body by using an optimal control mechanism that adopts the costs of position, velocity, and force required; these costs serve to initiate, decelerate, and stabilise movement, respectively.

scholarly journals The costs of positon, velocity and force requirements in optimal control induce triphasic muscle activation during reaching movement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Ueyama
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Antagonist Muscles ◽  
Neural Input

Abstract The nervous system activates a pair of agonist and antagonist muscles to determine the muscle activation pattern for a desired movement. Although there is a problem with redundancy, it is solved immediately, and movements are generated with characteristic muscle activation patterns in which antagonistic muscle pairs show alternate bursts with a triphasic shape. To investigate the requirements for deriving this pattern, this study simulated arm movement numerically by adopting a musculoskeletal arm model and an optimal control based on the minimization of neural input. The simulation reproduced the triphasic electromyogram (EMG) pattern observed in a reaching movement using a cost function that considered three terms: end-point position, velocity, and force required. The first, second and third bursts of muscle activity were generated by the cost terms of position, velocity and force, respectively. Thus we concluded that the costs of position, velocity and force requirements in optimal control can induce triphasic EMG patterns. Therefore we suggest that the nervous system may control the body by using an optimal control mechanism that adopts the costs of position, velocity and force required, which serve to initiate, decelerate and stabilize movement, respectively.

scholarly journals Is the Occurrence of the Sticking Region in Maximum Smith Machine Squats the Result of Diminishing Potentiation and Co-Contraction of the Prime Movers among Recreationally Resistance Trained Males?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1366
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Eirik Lindset Kristiansen ◽  
Stian Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Gluteus Maximus ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Height Data

This study compared the kinetics, barbell, and joint kinematics and muscle activation patterns between a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) Smith machine squat and isometric squats performed at 10 different heights from the lowest barbell height. The aim was to investigate if force output is lowest in the sticking region, indicating that this is a poor biomechanical region. Twelve resistance trained males (age: 22 ± 5 years, mass: 83.5 ± 39 kg, height: 1.81 ± 0.20 m) were tested. A repeated two-way analysis of variance showed that Force output decreased in the sticking region for the 1-RM trial, while for the isometric trials, force output was lowest between 0–15 cm from the lowest barbell height, data that support the sticking region is a poor biomechanical region. Almost all muscles showed higher activity at 1-RM compared with isometric attempts (p < 0.05). The quadriceps activity decreased, and the gluteus maximus and shank muscle activity increased with increasing height (p ≤ 0.024). Moreover, the vastus muscles decreased only for the 1-RM trial while remaining stable at the same positions in the isometric trials (p = 0.04), indicating that potentiation occurs. Our findings suggest that a co-contraction between the hip and knee extensors, together with potentiation from the vastus muscles during ascent, creates a poor biomechanical region for force output, and thereby the sticking region among recreationally resistance trained males during 1-RM Smith machine squats.

scholarly journals Electromyographic activation patterns during swallowing in older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Young Ko ◽  
Hayoung Kim ◽  
Joonyoung Jang ◽  
Jun Chang Lee ◽  
Ju Seok Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Viscous Fluid ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Age Related

AbstractAge-related weakness due to atrophy and fatty infiltration in oropharyngeal muscles may be related to dysphagia in older adults. However, little is known about changes in the oropharyngeal muscle activation pattern in older adults. This was a prospective and experimental study. Forty healthy participants (20 older [> 60 years] and 20 young [< 60 years] adults) were enrolled. Six channel surface electrodes were placed over the bilateral suprahyoid (SH), bilateral retrohyoid (RH), thyrohyoid (TH), and sternothyroid (StH) muscles. Electromyography signals were then recorded twice for each patient during swallowing of 2 cc of water, 5 cc of water, and 5 cc of a highly viscous fluid. Latency, duration, and peak amplitude were measured. The activation patterns were the same, in the order of SH, TH, and StH, in both groups. The muscle activation patterns were classified as type I and II; the type I pattern was characterized by a monophasic shape, and the type II comprised a pre-reflex phase and a main phase. The oropharyngeal muscles and SH muscles were found to develop a pre-reflex phase specifically with increasing volume and viscosity of the swallowed fluid. Type I showed a different response to the highly viscous fluid in the older group compared to that in the younger group. However, type II showed concordant changes in the groups. Therefore, healthy older people were found to compensate for swallowing with a pre-reflex phase of muscle activation in response to increased liquid volume and viscosity, to adjust for age-related muscle weakness.

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