Association Between The Posterior Part Of The Circle Of Willis And Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia

AbstractBackgroundIt is not clear whether the configuration of the posterior part of the circle of Willis (CW) depends on the proximal part of the vertebrobasilar system. Our aim is to evaluate the posterior part of CW in association with different size of vertebral arteries (VA) in subjects free from stroke and TIA.Materials and methodsThe present study was based on a sample of 923 subjects free from stroke and TIA who were examined from 2013 through 2018. All the participants underwent MRA examination. The duplex ultrasonographic examination of the extracranial arteries (vertebral and carotid) was performed. VA was defined as hypoplastic (VAH) when VA diameter in the entire course was less than 2.5 mm. We classified the posterior communicating arteries (PCoA) as presence PCoA, absence/hypoplastic PCoA and fetal CW (FCW). The comparison of the posterior part of CW was made in subjects with normal VA and VAH of a different degree (communicating with basilar artery (VAH-BA) and not communicating with the basilar artery and terminating in PICA, neck or aplasia (VAH-PICA)).ResultsFCW was found in 15.9% of subjects, bilaterally – in 2.3 %. The coexisting VAH was more common in subjects with FCW rather than in those with adult CW (respectively, 28.6% and 13.4%, p<0.001). Aplasia of A1 of the anterior cerebral artery, i.e. blood flow redistribution in the anterior part of anterior circulation in the majority of cases (in 6 of 7 cases) was found ipsilaterally to FCW. FCW was recorded in 50% of the subjects with VA - PICA in comparison with 13.5% of those with normal VA and 22.8% with VAH - BA, p<0.005. On the contrary, absence/hypoplasia of both PCoA was mostly found in the group with normal VA in comparison with VAH-BA and VAH-PICA (accordingly, 50.7%, 38.6% and 12.5%, p<0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with VAH have a different pattern of the posterior part of CW in comparison with those with normal VA. With the increasing degree of VAH, the proportion of FCW increases, while the proportion of absence/hypoplastic of both PCoA decreases.

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Identification of salsolinol in the mediobasal hypothalamus of lactating ewes and its relation to suckling-induced prolactin and GH release

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe-07-0640 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 198 (1) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Tomasz Misztal ◽

Konrad Górski ◽

Dorota Tomaszewska-Zaremba ◽

Edyta Molik ◽

Katarzyna Romanowicz

Keyword(s):

Anterior Part ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Prolactin Secretion ◽

Plasma Prolactin ◽

Suckling Period ◽

Mediobasal Hypothalamus ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Extracellular Concentration ◽

Made In

The push–pull perfusions of the infundibular nucleus–median eminence (IN/ME) were made in lactating ewes (n=7) twice, to identify dopamine (DA)-derived salsolinol and the changes in its extracellular concentration in response to suckling. The perfusate collecting period in every ewe consisted of control non-suckling period, 1000–1230 h (five perfusates), and suckling period, 1230–1500 h (next five perfusates). Simultaneously, blood samples were collected from 1000 to 1500 h at 10-min intervals. The perfusate concentrations of salsolinol and DA were measured by HPLC, and plasma prolactin and GH concentrations were assayed by the RIA. Mean concentrations of salsolinol in perfusates collected from the anterior and posterior parts of the IN/ME (according to post-mortem localization of a perfusion site) increased significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.001 respectively) during the suckling period, when compared with those noted during the non-suckling period. While no DA was found in the anterior part, only vestigial amounts of DA were found in a few perfusates collected from the posterior part. Salsolinol was not detected in the IN/ME of ewes 10 weeks after weaning (seasonal anoestrus). Mean plasma prolactin and GH concentrations during suckling were significantly (P<0.001) higher than those noted during the non-suckling period. In conclusion, our current study reveals that salsolinol is present in the IN/ME of lactating ewes and that its extracellular concentration increases during suckling. Moreover, it supports the role of salsolinol as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulatory process of prolactin secretion at least during lactation.

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Distribution of serotonin-like immunoreactive nerves in major cerebral arteries of rabbit: an immunohistochemical study.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/37.9.2671153 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (9) ◽

pp. 1383-1386 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

U Dhall ◽

G Burnstock

Keyword(s):

Immunohistochemical Study ◽

Anterior Part ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Circle Of Willis ◽

Immunofluorescence Technique ◽

Whole Mount ◽

Peptidergic Innervation ◽

Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique

We studied the distribution pattern of serotonin-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the major cerebral vessels of rabbit by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using whole-mount stretch preparations. The density of serotonin-like immunoreactive nerve fibers was greater in vessels of the posterior part of the circle of Willis compared with that in the anterior part. This is in contrast to most of the observations reported previously regarding adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic innervation of the circle of Willis.

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Association between the posterior part of the circle of Willis and the vertebral artery hypoplasia

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0213226 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. e0213226

Author(s):

Virginija Gaigalaite ◽

Jurate Dementaviciene ◽

Augenijus Vilimas ◽

Danute Kalibatiene

Keyword(s):

Vertebral Artery ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Circle Of Willis ◽

Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia

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Control of maintenance and anteroposterior skeletal differentiation of the anterior mesenchyme of the chick wing bud by its posterior margin (the ZPA)

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.62.1.63 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 63-82

Author(s):

J. R. Hinchliffe ◽

M. Gumpel-Pinot

Keyword(s):

Posterior Margin ◽

Anterior Part ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Skeletal Element ◽

Posterior Half ◽

Anterior Half ◽

Wing Bud ◽

Made In

If the posterior half of the chick wing bud (stages 17–22) is excised, the anterior half which normally forms humerus (part), radius and digit 2, forms only a single skeletal element, either humerus or humerus fused with reduced radius. Beginning at 18 h after operation, and continuing to 48 h the anterior and distal mesenchyme in such anterior halves becomes necrotic and the AER regresses. By contrast, if the anterior half of the chick wing bud (stages 17–22) is excised, the posterior half develops as in the normal bud, and forms humerus (part), ulna and digits 3, 4 and 5. Such posterior halves develop no more mesenchymal necrosis than the normal contralateral wing buds and the AER remains healthy. Further, if the excision of the posterior part is made in such a way as to leave in place a part of the zone of polarising activity (ZPA), a normal wing with complete skeleton is formed. Thus in order to survive and differentiate, the anterior part of the wing bud needs a factor supplied by the posterior part containing the ZPA. These results support the view that the ZPA plays a role in controlling the anteroposterior differentiation of the normal wing bud

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Microsurgery of the Third Ventricle: Part 1

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1227/00006123-198103000-00006 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 334-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Isao Yamamoto ◽

Albert L. Rhoton ◽

David A. Peace

Keyword(s):

Lateral Ventricle ◽

Anterior Part ◽

Third Ventricle ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Posterior Wall ◽

Pineal Region ◽

Circle Of Willis ◽

Cerebral Vein ◽

Foramen Of Monro ◽

3Rd Ventricle

Abstract The 3rd ventricle is one of the most surgically inaccessible areas in the brain. It is impossible to reach its cavity without incising some neural structures. Twenty-five cadaveric brains were examined in detail to evaluate the surgically important relationships of the walls of the 3rd ventricle. The routes through which the 3rd ventricle can be reached are: (a) from above, through the foramen of Monro and the roof after entering the lateral ventricle through the corpus callosum or the cerebral cortex; (b) from anterior, through the lamina terminalis; (c) from below, through the floor if it has been stretched by tumor; and (d) from posterior, through the pineal region or from the posterior part of the lateral ventricle through the crus of the fornix. The posterior part of the circle of Willis and the basilar artery are intimately related to the floor, the anterior part of the circle of Willis and the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries are related to the anterior wall, and the posterior cerebral artery supplies the posterior wall. The deep cerebral venous system is intimately related to the 3rd ventricle; the internal cerebral vein is related to the roof, and the basal vein is related to the floor. The junction of these veins with the great vein forms a formidable obstacle to the operative approach to the pineal gland and the posterior part of the 3rd ventricle.

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Fine structure of the rectal papillae of the oriental fruuit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Tephritidae, Diptera Insecta)

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100160042 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 498-499

Author(s):

Len Wen-Yung ◽

Mei-Jung Lin

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Intercellular Space ◽

Anterior Part ◽

Apical Cell ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Apical Cell Membrane ◽

Dacus Dorsalis ◽

Radial Cell ◽

Circular Base

Four cone-shaped rectal papillae locate at the anterior part of the rectum in Dacus dorsalis fly. The circular base of the papilla protrudes into the haemolymph (Fig. 1,2) and the rest cone-shaped tip (Fig. 2) inserts in the rectal lumen. The base is surrounded with the cuticle (Fig. 5). The internal structure of the rectal papilla (Fig. 3) comprises of the cortex with the columnar epithelial cells and a rod-shaped medulla. Between them, there is the infundibular space and many trabeculae connect each other. Several tracheae insert into the papilla through the top of the medulla, then run into the cortical epithelium and locate in the intercellular space. The intercellular sinuses distribute in the posterior part of the rectal papilla.The cortex of the base divides into about thirty segments. Between segments there is a radial cell (Fig. 4). Under the cuticle, the apical cell membrane of the cortical epithelium is folded into a regular border of leaflets (Fig. 5).

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Possibility of simultaneous transposition of segments of the pectoralis major muscle to restore flexion in the shoulder and elbow joints (clinical observation)

MedAlliance ◽

10.36422/23076348-2020-8-1-61-68 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 61-68

Keyword(s):

Anterior Part ◽

Pectoralis Major Muscle ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Functional Results ◽

Proximal Part ◽

Deltoid Muscle ◽

Pectoralis Major ◽

Orthopedic Surgeons ◽

Active Function ◽

Head Neck

The pectoralis major is a widely used muscle in reconstruction surgery for replacement soft tissue defects of a head, neck, thorax, upper limbs and restoration of muscle active function. The peculiarities of anatomy of the pectoralis major makes it possible to divide the muscle into several segments with their own innervations and supply and use them independently from each other. This article describes the anatomy of the pectoralis major and the opportunity for clinical applications of different segments of this muscle. The authors demonstrate the result of the restoration of shoulder and elbow flexion in a patient with arthrogryposis due to simultaneous transfer of the proximal part of pectoralis major to the anterior part of the deltoid muscle and the distal part of pectoralis major to the biceps with good functional results. The article will be useful for plastic surgeons, orthopedic surgeons and physiotherapists.

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149 Emergency Clot Retrieval and Stenting for Posterior Circulation Stroke

British Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1093/bjs/znab134.234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

K Daga ◽

M T Ahmad ◽

M Taneja

Keyword(s):

Treatment Option ◽

Current Literature ◽

Basilar Artery ◽

Cerebral Angiography ◽

Posterior Circulation ◽

Anterior Circulation ◽

Acute Setting ◽

Post Procedure ◽

Basilar Artery Stenosis

Abstract The current literature regarding the morphology and presentations of strokes due to basilar artery stenosis/occlusion is limited. This pathology is a rare cause of stroke and its management is not clearly decided in guidelines or published literature. Moreover, posterior circulation strokes are reported to be more devastating than anterior circulation. We present a case of a 68-year-old male who presented in an acute setting with reduced consciousness, myoclonic jerks, weakness and nausea due to a stroke from an occluded mid-segment basilar artery. MRI showed evidence of left cerebellar and right occipital infarcts. Emergent cerebral angiography was performed, and he was immediately treated by thrombectomy and stenting (Stryker Wingspan stent). The patient made a full recovery within one week and remained well at follow-up 3 months post-procedure. Emergency recanalization of basilar artery strokes, by clot retrieval and stenting, should be considered as a treatment option.

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The genus Gennadas (Benthesicymidae: Decapoda): morphology of copulatory characters, phylogeny and coevolution of genital structures

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.171288 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

pp. 171288 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alexander L. Vereshchaka ◽

Anastasia A. Lunina ◽

Jørgen Olesen

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Anterior Part ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Key To Species ◽

Internal Part ◽

Species Groups ◽

Aristaeomorpha Foliacea ◽

External Part ◽

Scanning Electron

Species within Gennadas differ from each other largely only in male (petasma) and female (thelycum) copulatory characters, which were restudied in scanning electron microscopy and used as a basis for phylogenetic analyses. Twenty-six petasma characters and 49 thelycum characters were identified. All 16 recognized species of Gennadas and Aristaeomorpha foliacea (outgroup) were included as terminals. Four robust monophyletic clades were retrieved, described and diagnosed as new species groups. The thelycum characters had greater impact on tree topology and supported deeper nodes than did the petasma characters. We hypothesize that features of the thelycum evolved first followed by aspects of the petasma. Relatively more conservative characters include parts of the sternites of the thelycum and of the petasma, while the scuti and protuberances on the thelycum and the shape and subdivisions of the petasma lobes are evolutionarily plastic. We identified two groups of copulatory characters, which are likely coupled functionally and interlinked evolutionarily: (i) the external part of the petasma and the posterior part of the thelycum and (ii) the internal part of the petasma and anterior part of the thelycum. We reconstruct possible mating position during copulation for each of the new species groups presented here. We also present an updated key to genera of Benthesicymidae and key to species of Gennadas .

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