scholarly journals ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) genes modulate plant root exudate composition and the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Dyer ◽  
Ryan T Weir ◽  
Deborah Cox ◽  
Xavier Cheseto ◽  
Baldwyn Torto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudates ◽  
Root Exudate ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Response Factor ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Plant Root Exudate ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant root exudates are compositionally diverse, plastic and adaptive. Ethylene signalling influences the attraction of plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs), presumably through the modulation of root exudate composition. Understanding this pathway could lead to new sources of crop parasite resistance. Here we have used Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) to knockdown the expression of two ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) genes, ERF-E2 and ERF-E3 in tomato. Root exudates are significantly more attractive to the PPNs Meloidogyne incognita, and Globodera pallida following knockdown of ERF-E2, which has no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne javanica. Knockdown of ERF-E3 has no impact on the attraction of Meloidogyne or Globodera spp. GC-MS analysis revealed substantial changes in root exudate composition relative to controls. However, these changes do not alter the attraction of rhizosphere microbes Bacillus subtilis or Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This study further supports the potential of engineering plant root exudate for parasite control, through the modulation of plant genes.

scholarly journals Belowground Chemical Interactions: An Insight Into Host-Specific Behavior of Globodera spp. Hatched in Root Exudates From Potato and Its Wild Relative, Solanum sisymbriifolium

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kud ◽  
Syamkumar Sivasankara Pillai ◽  
Gabriel Raber ◽  
Allan Caplan ◽  
Joseph C. Kuhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudates ◽  
Root Exudate ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Chemical Interactions ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Parasitic ◽  
Solanum Sisymbriifolium

Understanding belowground chemical interactions between plant roots and plant-parasitic nematodes is immensely important for sustainable crop production and soilborne pest management. Due to metabolic diversity and ever-changing dynamics of root exudate composition, the impact of only certain molecules, such as nematode hatching factors, repellents, and attractants, has been examined in detail. Root exudates are a rich source of biologically active compounds, which plants use to shape their ecological interactions. However, the impact of these compounds on nematode parasitic behavior is poorly understood. In this study, we specifically address this knowledge gap in two cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida, a potato cyst nematode and the newly described species, Globodera ellingtonae. Globodera pallida is a devastating pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum) worldwide, whereas potato is a host for G. ellingtonae, but its pathogenicity remains to be determined. We compared the behavior of juveniles (J2s) hatched in response to root exudates from a susceptible potato cv. Desirée, a resistant potato cv. Innovator, and an immune trap crop Solanum sisymbriifolium (litchi tomato – a wild potato relative). Root secretions from S. sisymbriifolium greatly reduced the infection rate on a susceptible host for both Globodera spp. Juvenile motility was also significantly influenced in a host-dependent manner. However, reproduction on a susceptible host from juveniles hatched in S. sisymbriifolium root exudates was not affected, nor was the number of encysted eggs from progeny cysts. Transcriptome analysis by using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed the molecular basis of root exudate-mediated modulation of nematode behavior. Differentially expressed genes are grouped into two major categories: genes showing characteristics of effectors and genes involved in stress responses and xenobiotic metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows genome-wide root exudate-specific transcriptional changes in hatched preparasitic juveniles of plant-parasitic nematodes. This research provides a better understanding of the correlation between exudates from different plants and their impact on nematode behavior prior to the root invasion and supports the hypothesis that root exudates play an important role in plant-nematode interactions.

scholarly journals Plant-parasitic nematodes respond to root exudate signals with host-specific gene expression patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e1007503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Bell ◽  
Catherine J. Lilley ◽  
James McCarthy ◽  
Howard J. Atkinson ◽  
P. E. Urwin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Root Exudate ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Specific Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Parasitic

scholarly journals Identification and characterisation of serotonin signalling in the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida reveals new targets for crop protection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Crisford ◽  
Fernando Calahorro ◽  
Elizabeth Ludlow ◽  
Jessica M.C. Marvin ◽  
Jennifer K. Hibbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractPlant parasitic nematodes are microscopic pests that invade plant roots and cause extensive damage to crops worldwide. To investigate mechanisms underpinning their parasitic behaviour we used a chemical biology approach: We discovered that reserpine, a plant alkaloid known for its antagonism of the mammalian vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT and ability to impart a global depletion of synaptic biogenic amines in the nervous system, potently impairs the ability of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida to enter the host plant root. We show that this effect of reserpine is mediated by an inhibition of serotonergic signalling that is essential for activation of the stylet, a lance-like organ that protrudes from the mouth of the worm and which is used to pierce the host root to gain access. Prompted by this we identified core molecular components of G. pallida serotonin signalling encompassing the target of reserpine, VMAT; the synthetic enzyme for serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase; the G protein coupled receptor SER-7 and the serotonin-gated chloride channel MOD-1. We found that inhibitors of tryptophan hydroxylase, SER-7 and MOD-1 phenocopy the plant protecting action of reserpine. Thus targeting the serotonin signalling pathway presents a promising new route to control plant parasitic nematodes.SummaryIndian snakeroot, an herbal medicine prepared from the roots of the shrub Rauwolfia serpentina, has been used for centuries for its calming action. The major active constituent is reserpine which works by depleting a specific class of mood regulating chemical in the brain, the biogenic amines. We have discovered a remarkable effect of reserpine on a pest of global concern, the plant parasitic nematodes. These microscopic worms invade the roots of crops presenting a severe threat to food production. We show that reserpine disables serotonin signalling in the worm’s ‘brain’ that regulates the rhythmic thrusting of the stylet: a lance-like structure that protrudes from its mouth to pierce the plant root and which is essential to its parasitic lifecycle. Thus, reserpine joins nicotine as another intriguing example of Nature evolving its own protection against pests. We have identified key components of the serotonin signalling pathway in the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida and show that chemicals that target these sites inhibit the ability of the nematode to invade its host plant. We conclude that biogenic amine transmitters are intimately involved in the worm’s parasitic behaviour and provide a new discrete route to crop protection.

Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes as a model for other plant parasitic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godelieve Gheysen ◽  
Jan De Meutter ◽  
Tom Tytgat ◽  
August Coomans
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractPlant parasitic nematodes are known to cause a severe reduction in crop yield. Recently much effort is being put to engineering new nematode-resistant crop cultivars. Plant parasitic nematodes occur in three widely separated orders: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida and Tylenchida. All triplonchid and dorylaimid plant parasitic nematodes are migratory ectoparasites of roots. Within the Tylenchida, several different types of plant parasitism can be recognised. The sedentary endoparasites have the most complex interaction with their host, and are responsible for the vast majority of the agricultural damage. This causes most research to be concentrated on two groups of the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes: cyst- and root-knot nematodes. Both induce specialised feeding structures in the vascular cylinder of the plant root. The mechanism of phytoparasitism of the cyst- and root-knot nematodes is reviewed, of which some aspects will be applicable to the study of the other plant parasitic nematodes. Les nématodes parasites de plantes sont connus pour provoquer de sévères réductions dans les rendements des cultures. Actuellement, un effort se développe pour créer de nouveaux cultivars résistants aux nématodes. Les nématodes parasite de plantes appartiennent à trois ordres très éloignés: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida et Tylenchida. Tous les nématodes parasites de plantes chez les Triplonchida et Dorylaimida sont des ectoparasites migrateurs. Chez les Tylenchida, plusieurs types différents de parasitisme peuvent être identifiés. Les endoparasites sédentaires ont l’interaction la plus complexe avec leur hôte et sont responsables de la plus grande part des dégâts agricoles. C’est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des recherches sont concentrées sur deux groupes de nématodes endoparasites sédentaires, les nématodes à kystes et les nématodes galligènes. Ces deux groupes induisent des structures d’alimentation spécialisées dans les tissus vasculaires de la racine végétale. Le mécanisme parasitaire des nématodes à kystes et galligènes est revu, certaines de leurs caractéristiques pouvant être applicables à l’étude des autres nématodes phytoparasites.

scholarly journals Plants Specifically Modulate the Microbiome of Root-Lesion Nematodes in the Rhizosphere, Affecting Their Fitness

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elhady ◽  
Olivera Topalović ◽  
Holger Heuer
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ethiopian Mustard ◽  
Specific Subset ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major constraint on agricultural production. They significantly impede crop yield. To complete their parasitism, they need to locate, disguise, and interact with plant signals exuded in the rhizosphere of the host plant. A specific subset of the soil microbiome can attach to the surface of nematodes in a specific manner. We hypothesized that host plants recruit species of microbes as helpers against attacking nematode species, and that these helpers differ among plant species. We investigated to what extend the attached microbial species are determined by plant species, their root exudates, and how these microbes affect nematodes. We conditioned the soil microbiome in the rhizosphere of different plant species, then employed culture-independent and culture-dependent methods to study microbial attachment to the cuticle of the phytonematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Community fingerprints of nematode-attached fungi and bacteria showed that the plant species govern the microbiome associated with the nematode cuticle. Bacteria isolated from the cuticle belonged to Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Sphingobacteria, and Firmicutes. The isolates Microbacterium sp. i.14, Lysobacter capsici i.17, and Alcaligenes sp. i.37 showed the highest attachment rates to the cuticle. The isolates Bacillus cereus i.24 and L. capsici i.17 significantly antagonized P. penetrans after attachment. Significantly more bacteria attached to P. penetrans in microbiome suspensions from bulk soil or oat rhizosphere compared to Ethiopian mustard rhizosphere. However, the latter caused a better suppression of the nematode. Conditioning the cuticle of P. penetrans with root exudates significantly decreased the number of Microbacterium sp. i.14 attaching to the cuticle, suggesting induced changes of the cuticle structure. These findings will lead to a more knowledge-driven exploitation of microbial antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes for plant protection.

scholarly journals Validation of the Chemotaxis of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Toward Host Root Exudates

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenshan Liu ◽  
Alexis L. Jones ◽  
Heather N. Gosse ◽  
Kathy S. Lawrence ◽  
Sang-Wook Park
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudates ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Host Root ◽  
Plant Parasitic
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