scholarly journals Opponent neurochemical and functional processing in NREM and REM sleep in visual learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Tamaki ◽  
Zhiyan Wang ◽  
Tyler Barnes-Diana ◽  
Aaron V. Berard ◽  
Edward Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Learning Facilitation ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
First Time

AbstractSleep is beneficial for learning. However, whether NREM or REM sleep facilitates learning, whether the learning facilitation results from plasticity increases or stabilization and whether the facilitation results from learning-specific processing are all controversial. Here, after training on a visual task we measured the excitatory and inhibitory neurochemical (E/I) balance, an index of plasticity in human visual areas, for the first time, while subjects slept. Off-line performance gains of presleep learning were associated with the E/I balance increase during NREM sleep, which also occurred without presleep training. In contrast, increased stabilization was associated with decreased E/I balance during REM sleep only after presleep training. These indicate that the above-mentioned issues are not matters of controversy but reflect opposite neurochemical processing for different roles in learning during different sleep stages: NREM sleep increases plasticity leading to performance gains independently of learning, while REM sleep decreases plasticity to stabilize learning in a learning-specific manner.

scholarly journals Reward does not facilitate visual perceptual learning until sleep occurs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Tamaki ◽  
Aaron V. Berard ◽  
Tyler Barnes-Diana ◽  
Jesse Siegel ◽  
Takeo Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Reward Group ◽  
Visual Perceptual Learning ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Prefrontal Region ◽  
Performance Gains

ABSTRACTA growing body of evidence indicates that visual perceptual learning (VPL) is enhanced by reward provided during training. Another line of studies has shown that sleep following training also plays a role in facilitating VPL, an effect known as the offline performance gain of VPL. However, whether the effects of reward and sleep interact on VPL remains unclear. Here, we show that reward interacts with sleep to facilitate offline performance gains of VPL. First, we demonstrated a significantly larger offline performance gain over a 12-h interval including sleep in a reward group than that in a No-reward group. However, the offline performance gains over the 12-h interval without sleep were not significantly different with or without reward during training, indicating a crucial interaction between reward and sleep in VPL. Next, we tested whether neural activations during posttraining sleep were modulated after reward was provided during training. Reward provided during training enhanced REM sleep time, increased oscillatory activities for reward processing in the prefrontal region during REM sleep, and inhibited neural activation in the untrained region in early visual areas in NREM and REM sleep. The offline performance gains were significantly correlated with oscillatory activities of visual processing during NREM sleep and reward processing during REM sleep in the reward group but not in the No-reward group. These results suggest that reward provided during training becomes effective during sleep, with excited reward processing sending inhibitory signals to suppress noise in visual processing, resulting in larger offline performance gains over sleep.Significance statementIndependent lines of research have shown that visual perceptual learning (VPL) is improved by reward or sleep. Here, we show that reward provided during training increased offline performance gains of VPL over sleep. Moreover, during posttraining sleep, reward was associated with longer REM sleep, increased activity in reward processing in the prefrontal region during REM sleep, and decreased activity in the untrained region of early visual areas during NREM and REM sleep. Offline performance gains were correlated with modulated oscillatory activity in reward processing during REM sleep and visual processing during NREM sleep. These results suggest that reward provided during training becomes effective on VPL through the interaction between reward and visual processing during sleep after training.

scholarly journals P.080 Effects of REM sleep in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with extreme delta brush pattern

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (s1) ◽  
pp. S35-S36
Author(s):  
DK Jain ◽  
M Ng
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Csf Analysis ◽  
Ictal Eeg ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Nuclear Cell ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Seizures are rare in REM sleep. To our knowledge, the effects of different sleep stages in anti-NMDA encephalitis have not been studied. Methods: Case report. Results: 32 year-old healthy female presented with acute fluctuating level of consciousness with episodic impulsivity, disorientation, and emotional outbursts following 3 days of headache. Her temperature was 37.8°C and she was started on ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and acyclovir. CSF only showed a total nuclear cell count of 182 and pleocytosis. MRI revealed increased T2 hyperintense right lateral temporal and parietal cortical thickening. EEG revealed right frontotemporal seizures with left sided rhythmic jerking, and an extreme delta brush pattern. Interestingly, seizures and extreme delta brush disappeared in REM sleep. After HSV PCR was negative, she was immunosuppressed with corticosteroids, IVIG, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide, given the extreme delta brush pattern. Repeat CSF analysis eventually yielded highly positive anti-NMDA antibodies. Ten weeks later, she became seizure free. Conclusions: For the first time, we report REM sleep in a case of anti-NMDA encephalitis during which there was absence of extreme delta brush and ictal EEG patterns. This observation may provide insight into the ongoing debate over whether extreme delta brush is an ictal EEG pattern.

scholarly journals Contribution of REM sleep and N2 sleep spindles to procedural memory consolidation in Vipassana meditators and non-meditating controls.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Solomonova ◽  
Simon Dubé ◽  
Cloé Blanchette-Carrière ◽  
Arnaud Samson-Richer ◽  
Michelle Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Procedural Memory ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Vipassana Meditation

Study objectives: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and sleep spindles are all implicated in the consolidation of procedural memories. The relative contributions of sleep stages and sleep spindles was previously shown to depend on individual differences in task processing. Experience with Vipassana meditation is one such individual difference that has not been investigated in relation to sleep. Vipassana meditation is a form of mental training that enhances proprioceptive and somatic awareness and alters attentional style. The goal was thus to examine a potential moderating role for Vipassana meditation experience on sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation.Methods: Groups of Vipassana meditation practitioners (N=20) and matched meditation-naïve controls (N=20) slept for a single daytime nap in the laboratory. Before and after the nap they completed a procedural task on the Wii Fit balance platform.Results: Meditators performed slightly better on the task before the nap, but the two groups improved similarly after sleep. The groups showed different patterns of sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation: in meditators task learning was negatively correlated with density of fast and positively correlated with density of slow occipital spindles, while in controls task improvement was associated with increases in REM sleep. Meditation practitioners had a lower density of sleep spindles, especially in occipital regions.Conclusions: Results suggest that neuroplastic changes associated with sustained meditation practice may alter overall sleep architecture and reorganize sleep-dependent patterns of memory consolidation. The lower density of spindles in meditators may mean that meditation practice compensates for some of the memory functions of sleep.

scholarly journals Vigilance and behavioral state-dependent modulation of cortical neuronal activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelie Brecier ◽  
Melodie Borel ◽  
Nadia Urbain ◽  
Luc J Gentet
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Theta Waves ◽  
Physiological Diversity ◽  
Activity Dynamics

GABAergic inhibitory neurons, through their molecular, anatomic and physiological diversity, provide a substrate for the modulation of ongoing cortical circuit activity throughout the sleep-wake cycle. Here, we investigated neuronal activity dynamics of parvalbumin (PV), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SST) neurons in naturally-sleeping head-restrained mice at the level of layer 2/3 of the primary somatosensory barrel cortex of mice. Through calcium-imaging and targeted single-unit loose-patch or whole-cell recordings, we found that PV action potential (AP) firing activity was largest during both NREM (non-rapid eye movement) and REM sleep stages, that VIP neurons were activated during REM sleep and that the overall activity of SST neurons remained stable throughout the sleep/wake cycle. Analysis of neuronal activity dynamics uncovered rapid decreases in PV cell firing at wake onset followed by a progressive recovery during wake. Simultaneous local field potential (LFP) recordings further revealed that, except for SST neurons, a large proportion of neurons were modulated by ongoing delta and theta waves. During NREM sleep spindles, PV and SST activity increased and decreased, respectively. Finally, we uncovered the presence of whisking behavior in mice during REM sleep and show that the activity of VIP and SST is differentially modulated during awake and sleeping whisking bouts, which may provide a neuronal substrate for internal brain representations occurring during sleep.

scholarly journals Don't count your chickens before they're hatched: Elaborative encoding in REM dreaming in face of the physiology of sleep stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-614
Author(s):  
Gaétane Deliens ◽  
Sophie Schwartz ◽  
Philippe Peigneux
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Novel Associations

AbstractLlewellyn suggests that episodic memories undergo “elaborative encoding” during rapid eye movement (REM) dreams, generating novel associations between recent and remote memories that are then instantiated during non-REM (NREM) sleep. This hypothesis conflicts with our knowledge of the physiology of NREM and then REM sleep stages and their ordered succession. Moreover, associations during sleep might also involve the extraction of hidden patterns rather than de novo associations.

scholarly journals Does Obstructive Sleep Apnea Worsen During REM Sleep?

2013 ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. PEREGRIM ◽  
S. GREŠOVÁ ◽  
M. PALLAYOVÁ ◽  
B. L. FULTON ◽  
J. ŠTIMMELOVÁ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Lateral Body ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Significant Difference

Although it is thought that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is worse during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than in non-REM (NREM) sleep there are some uncertainties, especially about apnoe-hypopnoe-index (AHI). Several studies found no significant difference in AHI between both sleep stages. However, REM sleep is associated more with side sleeping compared to NREM sleep, which suggests that body position is a possible confounding factor. The main purpose of this study was to compare the AHI in REM and NREM sleep in both supine and lateral body position. A retrospective study was performed on 422 consecutive patients who underwent an overnight polysomnography. Women had higher AHI in REM sleep than NREM sleep in both supine (46.05±26.26 vs. 23.91±30.96, P<0.01) and lateral (18.16±27.68 vs. 11.30±21.09, P<0.01) body position. Men had higher AHI in REM sleep than NREM sleep in lateral body position (28.94±28.44 vs. 23.58±27.31, P<0.01), however, they did not reach statistical significance in supine position (49.12±32.03 in REM sleep vs. 45.78±34.02 in NREM sleep, P=0.50). In conclusion, our data suggest that REM sleep is a contributing factor for OSA in women as well as in men, at least in lateral position.

Increased Chin Muscle Tone during All Sleep Stages in Children Taking SSRI Antidepressants and in Children with Narcolepsy Type 1

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
Maria P Mogavero ◽  
Oliviero Bruni ◽  
Giuseppe Plazzi ◽  
Carlos H Schenck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Study Objectives To assess if selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are able to modify the chin EMG tone during sleep also in children. Methods Twenty-three children and adolescents (12 girls, mean age 14.1 years, SD 2.94) under therapy with antidepressant for their mood disorder were consecutively recruited and had a PSG recording. Twenty-one were taking were taking SSRI and treatment duration was 2-12 months. An age- and sex matched group of 33 control children (17 girls, mean age 14.2 years, SD 2.83) and 24 children with narcolepsy type 1 (12 girls, mean age 13.7 years, SD 2.80) were also included. The Atonia Index was then computed for each NREM sleep stage and for REM sleep, also all EMG activations were counted. Results Atonia Index in all sleep stages was found to be significantly reduced in children with narcolepsy followed by the group taking SSRI antidepressants and the number of EMG activations was also increased in both groups. Fluoxetine, in particular, was found to be significantly associated with reduced Atonia index during NREM sleep stages N1, N2, and N3, and with increased number of EMG activations/hour during sleep stage N3. Conclusions Similarly to adults, SSRI antidepressants are able to modify the chin EMG tone also in children during REM sleep, as well as during NREM sleep stages. Different pharmacological properties of the different SSRI might explain the differential effect on chin tone during sleep found in this study.

Altered heart rate variability during sleep in mild cognitive impairment

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D X Kong ◽  
Camilla M Hoyos ◽  
Craig L Phillips ◽  
Andrew C McKinnon ◽  
Pinghsiu Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement

Abstract Study Objectives Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, as measured by short-term diurnal heart rate variability (HRV), has been reported in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, it is unclear whether this impairment also exists during sleep in this group. We, therefore, compared overnight HRV during sleep in older adults with MCI and those with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI). Methods Older adults (n = 210) underwent overnight polysomnography. Eligible participants were characterized as multi-domain MCI or SCI. The multi-domain MCI group was comprised of amnestic and non-amnestic subtypes. Power spectral analysis of HRV was conducted on the overnight electrocardiogram during non-rapid eye movement (NREM), rapid eye movement (REM), N1, N2, N3 sleep stages, and wake periods. High-frequency HRV (HF-HRV) was employed as the primary measure to estimate parasympathetic function. Results The MCI group showed reduced HF-HRV during NREM sleep (p = 0.018), but not during wake or REM sleep (p &gt; 0.05) compared to the SCI group. Participants with aMCI compared to SCI had the most pronounced reduction in HF-HRV across all NREM sleep stages—N1, N2, and N3, but not during wake or REM sleep. The naMCI sub-group did not show any significant differences in HF-HRV during any sleep stage compared to SCI. Conclusions Our study showed that amnestic MCI participants had greater reductions in HF-HRV during NREM sleep, relative to those with SCI, suggesting potential vulnerability to sleep-related parasympathetic dysfunction. HF-HRV, especially during NREM sleep, may be an early biomarker for dementia detection.

Cholinergic reticular mechanisms influence state-dependent ventilatory response to hypercapnia

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. R738-R746 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lydic ◽  
H. A. Baghdoyan ◽  
R. Wertz ◽  
D. P. White
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
First Time

Breathing is impaired by the loss of wakefulness that accompanies sleep, certain comatose states, and anesthesia. Although state-dependent decrements in breathing and the ability to respond to hypercapnic stimuli are characteristic of most mammals, the neural mechanisms that cause state-dependent changes in respiratory control remain poorly understood. The present study examined the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms in the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) can cause state-dependent changes in breathing and in the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR). Six cats were anesthetized with halothane and chronically instrumented for subsequent studies of breathing during wakefulness, non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, and during the REM sleep-like state caused by mPRF microinjections of carbachol or bethanechol. Minute ventilation was significantly decreased during the carbachol-induced REM sleep-like state (DCarb) compared with wakefulness. The HCVR in NREM, REM, DCarb, and after bethanechol was less than the waking HCVR. These results show for the first time that cholinoceptive regions in the mPRF can cause state-dependent reductions in normocapnic minute ventilation and in the ventilatory response to hypercapnia.

scholarly journals Standing Sentinel during Human Sleep: Continued Evaluation of Environmental Stimuli in the Absence of Consciousness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Blume ◽  
Renata del Giudice ◽  
Malgorzata Wislowska ◽  
Dominik P. J. Heib ◽  
Manuel Schabus
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Environmental Stimuli ◽  
Stimulus Salience ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Austrian Science Fund

AbstractWhile it is a well-established finding that subject’s own names (SON) or familiar voices are salient during wakefulness, we here investigated processing of environmental stimuli during sleep including deep N3 and REM sleep. Besides the effects of sleep depth we investigated how sleep-specific EEG patterns (i.e. sleep spindles and slow oscillations [SOs]) relate to stimulus processing. Using 256-channel EEG we studied processing of auditory stimuli by means of event-related oscillatory responses (de-/ synchronisation, ERD/ERS) and potentials (ERPs) in N = 17 healthy sleepers. We varied stimulus salience by manipulating subjective (SON vs. unfamiliar name) and paralinguistic emotional relevance (familiar vs. unfamiliar voice, FV/UFV). Results reveal that evaluation of voice familiarity continues during all NREM sleep stages and even REM sleep suggesting a ‘sentinel processing mode’ of the human brain in the absence of wake-like consciousness. Especially UFV stimuli elicit larger responses in a 1-15 Hz range suggesting they continue being salient. Beyond this, we find that sleep spindles and the negative slope of SOs attenuate information processing. However, unlike previously suggested they do not uniformly inhibit information processing, but inhibition seems to be scaled to stimulus salience.FundingCB is supported by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. and CB, MW and DPJH are supported by a grant from the Austrian Science Fund FWF (Y-777). CB, RdG, MW and DPJH are also supported by the Doctoral College “Imaging the Mind” (FWF; W1233-G17).

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