Genetic analysis of hybrid incompatibility suggests transposable elements increase reproductive isolation in the D. virilis clade
AbstractAlthough observed in many interspecific crosses, the genetic basis of most hybrid incompatibilities is still unknown. Mismatches between parental genomes in selfish elements and the genes that regulate these elements are frequently hypothesized to underlie hybrid dysfunction. We evaluated the potential role of transposable elements (TEs) in hybrid incompatibilities by examining hybrids between Drosophila virilis strains polymorphic for TEs that cause dysgenesis and a closely related species that appears to lack these elements. Using genomic data, we confirmed copy number differences in potentially causal TEs between the dysgenic-causing D. virilis (TE+) strain and a sensitive D. virilis (TE-) strain and D. lummei genotype. We then contrasted isolation phenotypes in a cross where dysgenic TEs are absent from both D. virilis (TE-) and D. lummei parental genotypes, to a cross where dysgenic TEs are present in the D. virilis (TE+) parent and absent in the D. lummei parent, predicting increased reproductive isolation in the latter cross. Using F1 and backcross experiments that account for alternative hypotheses, we demonstrated amplified reproductive isolation specifically in the interspecific cross involving TE+ D. virilis, consistent with the action of dysgenesis-inducing TEs. These experiments demonstrate that TEs can contribute to hybrid incompatibilities via presence/absence polymorphisms.