scholarly journals Ancient Yersinia pestis genomes provide no evidence for the origins or spread of the Justinianic Plague

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Keller ◽  
Maria A. Spyrou ◽  
Michael McCormick ◽  
Kirsten I. Bos ◽  
Alexander Herbig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
Human Genomes ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Silk Road

AbstractAlong with the publication of 137 ancient human genomes retrieved from archaeological remains of the Eurasian steppe, Damgaard et al., 2018 identified two individuals infected with Yersinia pestis, yielding one genome with 0.24x average coverage (DA147, 6th–9th c. AD) and another with 8.7x (DA101, 2nd–3rd c. AD). A phylogenetic analysis performed on the latter placed it in a position ancestral to a 6th-century Justinianic genome from Aschheim, Germany. These results are used to fuel an argument that the Justinianic Plague (541–544 AD) “was brought to Europe towards the end of the Hunnic period through the Silk Road along the southern fringes of the steppes” in contrast to the leading hypothesis of introduction via the Red Sea that is supported by historical accounts. In our reanalysis, we question the contested historical context of the presented genomes with the Justinianic Plague and show that the lower coverage genome might be rather related to the Black Death (1346–1353 AD).

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis and identification of Charybdis natator (Herbst, 1794) from the Egyptian Coast of the Red Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-426
Author(s):  
Amira T. Abo-Hashesh ◽  
Fedekar F. Madkour ◽  
Wafaa S. Sallam ◽  
Amro M. Hanora ◽  
Hanaa K. Ashour
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Egyptian Coast

scholarly journals SURVEI SIDE SCAN SONAR DALAM PENELITIAN ARKEOLOGI BAWAH AIR DI PERAIRAN SUNGAI: STUDI KASUS PADA DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI BRANTAS [SIDE SCAN SONAR SURVEY IN RIVERINE UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH: CASE STUDY IN THE BRANTAS BASIN]

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Agni Mochtar ◽  
Firman Setiawan ◽  
Shinatria Adhityatama
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
Maritime Cultural Landscape ◽  
Old Maps ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Survey Results

Aplikasi metode geofisika menggunakan side scan sonar dalam penelitian arkeologi bawah air belum banyak dilakukan di Indonesia. Tulisan ini memaparkan penggunaan side scan sonar untuk pemetaan dasar sungai dan identifikasi tinggalan arkeologi di dasar sungai dalam penelitian “Sungai Brantas dalam Perspektif Lanskap Kultur Maritim”, serta interpretasi hasil survei side scan sonar tersebut dalam konteks kesejarahan. Selain itu, dalam tulisan ini akan dibahas potensi pengembangan penggunaan side scan sonar dalam penelitian arkeologi bawah air di Indonesia, terutama di perairan sungai. Akuisisi data dilakukan dengan menggunakan side scan sonar Starfish 450H dengan sistem posisi GNSS Trimble R8s. Sementara itu, interpretasi diperoleh dengan melakukan analisis terhadap data peta dan arsip Belanda untuk memahami konteks temporal dari objek yang dideteksi oleh alat side scan sonar. Survei berhasil menunjukkan sedimen di dasar sungai berupa lempung dan lanau, serta beberapa objek yang diduga sebagai bangkai kapal, yang diperkirakan berasal dari pasca abad ke-19 Masehi. Hasil survei side scan sonar menunjukkan tingkat akurasi cukup hingga tinggi dan dapat menjadi pendukung penelitian arkeologi bawah air yang efisien, terutama di perairan yang keruh. Side scan sonar survey as one of the geophysics methods is still scarcely applied in underwater archaeological research in Indonesia. This paper describes the application of side scan sonar survey in mapping riverbed and identifying underwater archaeological remains in the “Sungai Brantas in the Perspective of Maritime Cultural Landscape” project, as well as interpreting its historical context based on survey results. This paper also explores the development of utilizing side scan sonar in underwater archaeological research in Indonesia, particularly in rivers. Data was acquisitioned by using the side scan sonar Starfish 450H and GNSS Trimble R8s positioning system. The interpretation was drawn by analysing related Dutch old maps and archives to understand the historical context of the survey findings. The result shows clay and silt sediment covering most of the riverbed and a number of objects, possibly shipwrecks, estimated as from the nineteenth century. The survey result has a medium to high accuracy. Thus, this method is able to serve as an efficient instrument for underwater archaeological research, especially in the low-visibility waters.

scholarly journals Microbial Diversity of the Brine-Seawater Interface of the Kebrit Deep, Red Sea, Studied via 16S rRNA Gene Sequences and Cultivation Methods

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 3077-3085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Eder ◽  
Linda L. Jahnke ◽  
Mark Schmidt ◽  
Robert Huber
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequences ◽  
Cultivation Methods

ABSTRACT The brine-seawater interface of the Kebrit Deep, northern Red Sea, was investigated for the presence of microorganisms using phylogenetic analysis combined with cultivation methods. Under strictly anaerobic culture conditions, novel halophiles were isolated. The new rod-shaped isolates belong to the halophilic genus Halanaerobiumand are the first representatives of the genus obtained from deep-sea, anaerobic brine pools. Within the genus Halanaerobium, they represent new species which grow chemoorganotrophically at NaCl concentrations ranging from 5 to 34%. The cellular fatty acid compositions are consistent with those of otherHalanaerobium representatives, showing unusually large amounts of Δ7 and Δ11 16:1 fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis of the brine-seawater interface sample revealed the presence of various bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences dominated by cultivated members of the bacterial domain, with the majority affiliated with the genusHalanaerobium. The new Halanaerobium 16S rRNA clone sequences showed the highest similarity (99.9%) to the sequence of isolate KT-8-13 from the Kebrit Deep brine. In this initial survey, our polyphasic approach demonstrates that novel halophiles thrive in the anaerobic, deep-sea brine pool of the Kebrit Deep, Red Sea. They may contribute significantly to the anaerobic degradation of organic matter enriched at the brine-seawater interface.

1. Plague

2016 ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
Christian W. McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Near East ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Pacific World ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Improved Sanitation

The plague is a disease caused by a bacillus, Yersinia pestis, transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. ‘Plague’ identifies three main periods of the pandemic. It first appeared in the sixth century ce with several epidemics in Europe and the Near East lasting until the end of the eight century. The second pandemic—the Black Death—began in 1347 and killed up to half of the continent’s population. The last European outbreak was in Russia in 1770. The third pandemic began in China in 1890 and spread rapidly around the Pacific world. Improved sanitation, isolation, and new antibiotics help, but the plague still exists today.

scholarly journals Egypt's Red Sea coast: phylogenetic analysis of cultured microbial consortia in industrialized sites

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada A. Mustafa ◽  
Amr Abd-Elgawad ◽  
Alyaa M. Abdel-Haleem ◽  
Rania Siam
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

scholarly journals A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death

Nature ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 478 (7370) ◽  
pp. 506-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten I. Bos ◽  
Verena J. Schuenemann ◽  
G. Brian Golding ◽  
Hernán A. Burbano ◽  
Nicholas Waglechner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Black Death

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA from the eradicated European Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum from 70-year-old slides from the Ebro Delta in Spain

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (41) ◽  
pp. 11495-11500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere Gelabert ◽  
Marcela Sandoval-Velasco ◽  
Iñigo Olalde ◽  
Rosa Fregel ◽  
Adrien Rieux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Ebro Delta ◽  
American Continent ◽  
European Isolate ◽  
Dna Yield ◽  
Human Genomic ◽  
Outstanding Question ◽  
Historical Accounts

Phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium parasites has indicated that their modern-day distribution is a result of a series of human-mediated dispersals involving transport between Africa, Europe, America, and Asia. A major outstanding question is the phylogenetic affinity of the malaria causing parasites Plasmodium vivax and falciparum in historic southern Europe—where it was endemic until the mid-20th century, after which it was eradicated across the region. Resolving the identity of these parasites will be critical for answering several hypotheses on the malaria dispersal. Recently, a set of slides with blood stains of malaria-affected people from the Ebro Delta (Spain), dated between 1942 and 1944, have been found in a local medical collection. We extracted DNA from three slides, two of them stained with Giemsa (on which Plasmodium parasites could still be seen under the microscope) and another one consisting of dried blood spots. We generated the data using Illumina sequencing after using several strategies aimed at increasing the Plasmodium DNA yield: depletion of the human genomic (g)DNA content through hybridization with human gDNA baits, and capture-enrichment using gDNA derived from P. falciparum. Plasmodium mitochondrial genome sequences were subsequently reconstructed from the resulting data. Phylogenetic analysis of the eradicated European P. vivax mtDNA genome indicates that the European isolate is closely related to the most common present-day American haplotype and likely entered the American continent post-Columbian contact. Furthermore, the European P. falciparum mtDNA indicates a link with current Indian strains that is in agreement with historical accounts.

Why No National Health Insurance in the U.S.? The Limits of Social Provision in War and Peace, 1941–1948

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The U.S

Why, alone among its democratic capitalist peers, does the U.S. not have national health insurance? This question has invited a range of replies; some focusing on specific historical episodes, some invoking grand political or cultural or economic explanations for the peculiar trajectory American social policy. For the most part, the historical accounts have trouble climbing from narrative to explanation; little of the scholarship on the failure of health reform in 1920 or 1935 or 1948 or 1970 or 1994 makes any substantial contribution to our larger understanding of the American welfare state and its limits. And the theoretical accounts often stumble on the descent to historical context; the largely artificial debate between “state-centered” and economic explanations, for example, rests largely on abstractions which are either not unique to the American setting (capitalism, industrialism, liberalism) or which are offered in such broad strokes that they make little sense in specific historical contexts. In explaining this “hole” in the American welfare state, it is necessary to pursue two lines of inquiry; to consider both the relative success of other American social programs during the years in which health insurance was beating at the door, and the relative success of public health insurance in other national settings. Our understanding of the American health debate of the 1940s, in other words, must in part explain both the distinct trajectory of health policy during the formative years of Social Security, and the “exceptional” character of the American welfare state.

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