Induction of Phloem Unloading in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots by the Parasitic Nematode Heterodera schachtii

AbstractHydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production during the infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines was detected histochemically by the reaction of H2O2 with cerium chloride producing four different patterns of electron-dense precipitates of cerium perhydroxides. As A. thaliana is not a regular host of H. glycines, the defence response is considerable, but does not completely inhibit the development of the nematode. H2O2 was produced not only by cells mechanically damaged during invasion and feeding site induction by the nematode, but also by cells surrounding developing syncytia and cells which were neither in contact with the nematode nor with the syncytium. Die Lokalisation von Peroxid wahrend der Abwehrreaktion von Arabidopsis thaliana gegen den pflanzenparasitaren Nematoden Heterodera glycines - Die Bildung von Wasserstoffperoxid (H2O2) im Rahmen der Infektion von Arabidopsis thaliana durch den Sojabohnen-Zystennematoden Heterodera glycines wurde histochemisch durch die Reaktion von H2O2 mit Cerchlorid nachgewiesen, wobei vier verschiedene Muster elektronendichter Prazipitate von Cerperhydroxiden gebildet wurden. Da A. thaliana kein regularer Wirt von H. glycines ist, kommt es zu einer betrachtlichen Abwehrreaktion, die jedoch die Entwicklung des Nematoden nicht vollstandig verhindert. H2O2 wurde nicht nur von Zellen produziert, die im Laufe des Eindringens und der Induktion des Nahrzellensystems durch den Nematoden mechanisch beschadigt worden waren, sondern auch von Zellen, die sich entwickelnde Syncytien umgaben und von Zellen, die weder mit dem Nematoden noch mit dem Syncytium in Kontakt standen.

Download Full-text

Arginine metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana is modulated by Heterodera schachtii infection

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00002921 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 1027-1043 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shahbaz Anwar ◽

Erich Inselsbacher ◽

Florian M.W. Grundler ◽

Julia Hofmann

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Plant Stress ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Arginine Metabolism ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Amino Acid Levels ◽

Nematode Development

The plant-parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytial feeding structures in the roots of host plants. These syncytia provide all required nutrients, water and solutes to the parasites. Previous studies on the composition of primary metabolites in syncytia revealed significantly increased amino acid levels. However, mainly due to technical limitations, little is known about the role of arginine in plant-nematode interactions. This free amino acid plays a central role in the plant primary metabolism and serves as substrate for metabolites involved in plant stress responses. Thus, in the present work, expression of genes coding for the enzymes of arginine metabolism were studied in nematode-induced syncytia compared to non-infected control roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, amiRNA lines were constructed and T-DNA lines were isolated to test their effects on nematode development. While the silencing of genes involved in arginine synthesis increased nematode development, most T-DNA lines did not show any significant difference from the wild type. Amino acid analyses of syncytia showed that they accumulate high arginine levels. In addition, manipulating arginine cycling had a global effect on the local amino acid composition in syncytia as well as on the systemic amino acid levels in roots and shoots.

Download Full-text

The role of subunit B’ of protein phosphatase 2A in pathogenesis of Heterodera schachtii on Arabidopsis thaliana roots

New Biotechnology ◽

10.1016/j.nbt.2016.06.1265 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. S157

Author(s):

Dominik Kanigowski ◽

Mateusz Matuszkiewicz ◽

Joanna Dąbrowska ◽

Anna Barczak ◽

Marcin Filipecki

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Protein Phosphatase ◽

Protein Phosphatase 2A ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Phosphatase 2A ◽

Subunit B

Download Full-text

Changes in mRNA Abundance within Heterodera schachtii-Infected Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.3.309 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 309-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Dieter Hermsmeier ◽

Jennifer K. Hart ◽

Marina Byzova ◽

Steven R. Rodermel ◽

Thomas J. Baum

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Differential Display ◽

Tissue Sample ◽

Mrna Abundance ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Cdna Clones ◽

Cyst Nematodes ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Feeding Site

Gene expression changes in plant roots infected by plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are involved in the formation of nematode feeding sites. We analyzed mRNA abundance changes within roots of Arabidopsis thaliana during the early compatible interaction with Heterodera schachtii, the sugarbeet cyst nematode. Approximately 1,600 root sections, each containing a single parasitic nematode and its feeding site, and 1,600 adjacent, nematode-free root sections were excised from aseptic A. thaliana cultures 3 to 4 days after inoculation with H. schachtii. These tissue samples were termed infected and uninfected, respectively. Preparasitic nematodes were added to the uninfected tissue sample to maintain the nematode to plant tissue proportion. mRNA extracted from these two tissue samples was subjected to differential display analysis. Thirty-six cDNA clones corresponding to mRNA species with different abundance between both tissue samples were isolated. Of these clones, 24 were of A. thaliana origin and 12 were from H. schachtii. Differential display data predicted that the A. thaliana cDNA clones corresponded to 13 transcripts that were more abundant in the infected root sections and 11 transcripts that were more abundant in the uninfected root sections. H. schachtii cDNA clones were predicted to correspond to four transcripts that were more abundant in parasitic nematodes and to eight transcripts that were more abundant in preparasitic nematodes. In situ hybridization experiments confirmed the mRNA abundance changes in A. thaliana roots predicted by the differential display analyses for two A. thaliana clones.

Download Full-text

Studies on the nutrient uptake by the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii by in situ microinjection of fluorescent probes into the feeding structures in Arabidopsis thaliana

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s003118200007637x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 109 (2) ◽

pp. 249-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

A. Böckenhoff ◽

F. M. W. Grundler

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Digestive System ◽

Lucifer Yellow ◽

Feeding Tube ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Vascular Elements ◽

Feeding Structure ◽

Size Exclusion Effect

SUMMARYA method was developed, which enables substances to be injected into the feeding structure (syncytium) established by Heterodera schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. The technique was used to study the uptake of nutrients by the feeding nematode. The fluorescent dye lucifer yellow CH (LYCH) and fluorescence-labelled dextrans of different molecular weights were injected into the thin and translucent roots of A. thaliana. Such roots are a feature of this plant and they provide optimal conditions for microinjection. Injected LYCH was taken up by feeding juveniles and adults, indicated by the staining of the alimentary duct and the digestive system. Fluorescent dextrans of 3, 10 and 20 kDa but not of 40 and 70 kDa were ingested, suggesting that molecules of a maximum Stokes radius of 3·2 to 4·4 nm are taken up. It is likely that the feeding tube, forming the interface between the plant cytosol and the nematode's digestive system, is responsible for this size exclusion effect. The injected fluorescent substances were not detected in plant cells adjacent to the syncytium or in the root vascular elements. Injections into parts of roots which were infested by several nematodes revealed that feeding H. schachtii individuals may share one syncytium.

Download Full-text

The application of microbial originating bioregulators to obtain in vitro lines of potato with increased resistance to parasitic nematodes

Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv ◽

10.7124/feeo.v26.1281 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 287-292

Author(s):

O. M. Shysha ◽

S. I. Spivak ◽

V. A. Tsygankova ◽

G. O. Iutynska ◽

L. O. Biliavska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parasitic Nematode ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Free System ◽

Potato Plants ◽

Organogenesis In Vitro ◽

Potato Resistance

Aim. Obtaining in vitro new lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Vernissage with genetically mediated resistance to the parasitic nematode H. schachtii on nutrient MS media with microbial bioregulators. Methods. In vitro conditions the process of organogenesis of potato plants on nutrient MS media containing microbial bioregulators used at concentrations 25-100 μl/l in combination with phytohormones 2 mg/l BAP and 0,1 mg/l NAA was investigated. Using dot blotting method the degree of hybridization between cytoplasmic si/miRNA isolated from cells of potato plants-regenerants, grown on the artificial invasive background, and nematode mRNA was studied. In the wheat seedlings cell-free system in vitro the silencing activity of si/miRNA isolated from cells of potato plants-regenerants on the template of nematode mRNA was investigated. Results. The experiments conducted in vitro conditions showed that the addition of microbial bioregulators at concentrations 25-100 μl/l in combination with phytohormones 2 mg/l BAP and 0,1 mg/l NAA into MS media increased the efficiency of regeneration of potato shoots to 43–47 % as compared with similar indices obtained on control MS media. The increase of the degree of hybridization to 19-38 % between cytoplasmic mRNA isolated from cells of nematode H. schachtii and si/miRNA isolated from cells of experimental potato plants-regenerants grown in vitro conditions on nutrient media containing bioregulators on the artificial invasive background was shown. Conclusions. Using microbial bioregulators in vitro conditions as components of nutrient MS medium increases potato shoot regeneration efficiency and enhances RNAi-mediated resistance of plants-regenerants to parasitic nematode H. schachtii. Keywords: microbial bioregulators, potato organogenesis in vitro, potato resistance to nematode Heterodera schachtii, RNA interference.

Download Full-text

Heterodera schachtii infection affects nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant Pathology ◽

10.1111/ppa.13152 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 794-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mateusz Labudda ◽

Elżbieta Różańska ◽

Ewa Muszyńska ◽

Dorota Marecka ◽

Maria Głowienka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Nitrogen Metabolism ◽

Heterodera Schachtii

Download Full-text

Reduction of phytate by down-regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana MIPS and IPK1 genes alters susceptibility to beet cyst nematodes

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00002874 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 401-407 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ritushree Jain ◽

Catherine J. Lilley ◽

Peter E. Urwin

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Nematode Infection ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Cyst Nematodes ◽

Down Regulation ◽

Kinase Gene ◽

Basal Resistance ◽

Altered Expression

Phytates are mixed cationic salts of phytic acid formed by sequential phosphorylation of myo-inositol. Phytate is a phosphorus storage molecule essential for cellular and hormonal signalling in plants but exhibits anti-nutrient properties in animals. Low phytate plants have reduced basal resistance towards microbial pathogens and reduced tolerance to environmental stresses resulting in compromised yields. We report that three mutant lines of Arabidopsis thaliana, each with altered expression of myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPS) isoforms, show altered susceptibility towards infection by the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii. Disruption of MIPS2 accompanied by increased MIPS1 expression results in reduced cyst nematode infection. Lack of MIPS3 resulted in a higher proportion of second-stage juveniles in the early phase of infection, suggesting delayed nematode development on mips3 mutants. Reduction in total phytate by down-regulation of the inositol polyphosphate kinase gene (IPK1) resulted in higher susceptibility to cyst nematode infection but a reduced average size of adult females. However, specific down-regulation of MIPS gene expression reduces susceptibility as myo-inositol is required to feed into the myo-inositol oxygenase pathway, which has an important role in development of the cyst nematode feeding site.

Download Full-text

A parasitism gene from a plant‐parasitic nematode with function similar to CLAVATA3/ESR ( CLE ) of Arabidopsis thaliana

Molecular Plant Pathology ◽

10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00533.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 151-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

ERIC L. DAVIS

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Parasitic Nematode ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematode ◽

Parasitism Gene ◽

Plant Parasitic

Download Full-text