Arginine metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana is modulated by Heterodera schachtii infection

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1027-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahbaz Anwar ◽  
Erich Inselsbacher ◽  
Florian M.W. Grundler ◽  
Julia Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Arginine Metabolism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Nematode Development

The plant-parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces syncytial feeding structures in the roots of host plants. These syncytia provide all required nutrients, water and solutes to the parasites. Previous studies on the composition of primary metabolites in syncytia revealed significantly increased amino acid levels. However, mainly due to technical limitations, little is known about the role of arginine in plant-nematode interactions. This free amino acid plays a central role in the plant primary metabolism and serves as substrate for metabolites involved in plant stress responses. Thus, in the present work, expression of genes coding for the enzymes of arginine metabolism were studied in nematode-induced syncytia compared to non-infected control roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, amiRNA lines were constructed and T-DNA lines were isolated to test their effects on nematode development. While the silencing of genes involved in arginine synthesis increased nematode development, most T-DNA lines did not show any significant difference from the wild type. Amino acid analyses of syncytia showed that they accumulate high arginine levels. In addition, manipulating arginine cycling had a global effect on the local amino acid composition in syncytia as well as on the systemic amino acid levels in roots and shoots.

scholarly journals Function of Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13464
Author(s):  
Yun Song ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei ◽  
Abdul Jaleel ◽  
Maozhi Ren
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Biotic Stresses

The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions. Furthermore, chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus through retrograde signaling, for instance, reactive oxygen signaling. All of the above facilitate the chloroplast’s exquisite flexibility in responding to environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of chloroplasts in plant regulatory responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses including heat, chilling, salinity, drought, high light environmental stress conditions, and pathogen invasions. This review will enrich the better understanding of interactions between chloroplast and environmental stresses, and will lay the foundation for genetically enhancing plant-stress acclimatization.

scholarly journals Characteristics of SlCML39, a Tomato Calmodulin-like Gene, and Its Negative Role in High Temperature Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana during Germination and Seedling Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11479
Author(s):  
Haidong Ding ◽  
Ying Qian ◽  
Yifang Fang ◽  
Yurong Ji ◽  
Jiarong Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Signal Pathway ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Promoter Regions

Calmodulin-like (CML) proteins are primary calcium sensors and function in plant growth and response to stress stimuli. However, so far, the function of plant CML proteins, including tomato, is still unclear. Previously, it was found that a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) CML, here named SlCML39, was significantly induced by high temperature (HT) at transcription level, but its biological function is scarce. In this study, the characteristics of SlCML39 and its role in HT tolerance were studied. SlCML39 encodes a protein of 201 amino acids containing four EF hand motifs. Many cis-acting elements related to plant stress and hormone response appear in the promoter regions of SlCML39. SlCML39 is mainly expressed in the root, stem, and leaf and can be regulated by HT, cold, drought, and salt stresses as well as ABA and H2O2. Furthermore, heterologous overexpression of SlCML39 reduces HT tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana at the germination and seedling growth stages. To better understand the molecular mechanism of SlCML39, the downstream gene network regulated by SlCML39 under HT was analyzed by RNA-Seq. Interestingly, we found that many genes involved in stress responses as well as ABA signal pathway are down-regulated in the transgenic seedlings under HT stress, such as KIN1, RD29B, RD26, and MAP3K18. Collectively, these data indicate that SlCML39 acts as an important negative regulator in response to HT stress, which might be mediated by the ABA signal pathway.

Ultrastructure of feeding plugs and feeding tubes formed by Heterodera schachtii

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Sobczak ◽  
Wladyslaw Golinowski ◽  
Florian M.W. Grundler
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Feeding Tube ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Feeding Tubes ◽  
Tube Lumen ◽  
Preparation Phase ◽  
Nematode Development

Abstract The development of feeding plugs and feeding tubes formed in syncytia induced by the cyst-forming nematode Heterodera schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana was examined at the ultrastructural level. The feeding plug was first observed 24 h after selection of the initial syncytial cell (ISC) and was present throughout the entire nematode life cycle. In later stages of nematode development the feeding plug became increasingly robust and infiltrated by fibrillar syncytial wall material while the central part, through which the nematode stylet was inserted, retained an amorphous structure. Neither the feeding plug nor the nematode stylet were observed to penetrate the plasmalemma of the syncytium. After the nematode completed the preparation phase for feeding, the first secretions were released from the stylet orifice and emitted through the plasmalemma into the cytoplasm. They formed uniformly osmiophilic wavy tubes without an electron translucent lumen. The first typical feeding tubes were found 24 h after ISC selection and were composed of an electron dense wall and an electron translucent lumen. The size of a single feeding tube was about 1 X 4 mum. No difference occurred between feeding tubes formed by male and female juveniles. Frequently, membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were connected to the wall of feeding tubes. After the nematode completed feeding, the tubes were disassociated from the stylet orifice and were dispersed in the syncytial cytoplasm. The feeding tube lumen was filled with cytoplasm and the wall gradually degraded. Die Ultrastruktur der von Heterodera schachtii gebildeten Dichtungsstopfen und Saugrohrchen - Die Entwicklung von Dichtungsstopfen (feeding plugs) und Saugrohrchen (feeding tubes), die in den von dem Zystennematoden Heterodera schachtii induzierten Synzytien in den Wurzeln von Arabidopsis thaliana gebildet werden, wurden auf der Ebene der Ultrastruktur untersucht. Die ersten Dichtungsstopfen wurden 24 h nach der Auswahl der Synzytiuminitialzelle (ISC) durch den Nematoden beobachtet. Sie waren wahrend des gesamten Lebenszyklus des Nematoden vorhanden. In den spateren Entwicklungsstadien der Nematoden wurde der Dichtungsstopfen zunehmend robuster und von fiblillarem Material aus der Zellwand durchdrungen. Der zentrale Teil des Stopfens, durch den der Mundstachel des Nematoden in die ISC ragte, behielt eine amorphe Struktur. Es wurde nicht beobachtet, dass der Dichtungsstopfen oder der Mundstachel das Plasmalemma durchbrachen. Nachdem der Nematode die vorbereitende Phase der Nahrungsaufnahme abgeschlossen hatte, traten die ersten Sekrete aus der Mundstacheloffnung aus und wurden durch das Plasmalemma hindurch in das Zytoplasma abgegeben. Sie bildeten gleichmassig osmiophile, wellige Rohrchen ohne ein elektronendurchlassiges Lumen. Die ersten typischen Saugrohrchen wurden 24 h nach der Auswahl der ISC gefunden. Sie bestanden aus einer elektronendichten Wand und einem elektronendurchlassigen Lumen. Die Grosse eines einzelnen Saugrohrchens betrug ungefahr 1 X 4 mum. Zwischen den von mannlichen oder von weiblichen Juvenilen gebildeten Saugrohrchen traten keine Unterschiede auf. Haufig waren Membranen des endoplasmatischen Reticulums mit den Wanden von Saugrohrchen verbunden. Wenn der Nematode die Nahrungsaufnahme abgeschlossen hatte, wurden die Saugrohrchen von der Offnung des Mundstachels getrennt und im synzytialen Zytoplama verteilt. Das Lumen dieser Saugrohrchen war mit Zytoplasma gefullt, und die Wand wurde langsam abgebaut.

scholarly journals Transgenerational effects of temperature fluctuations in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Deng ◽  
Oliver Bossdorf ◽  
Johannes Fredericus Scheepens
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Transgenerational Effects ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Offspring Generation

Plant stress responses can extend into the following generations, a phenomenon called transgenerational effects. Heat stress, in particular, is known to affect plant offspring, but we do not know to what extent these effects depend on the temporal patterns of the stress, and whether transgenerational responses are adaptive and genetically variable within species. To address these questions, we carried out a two-generation experiment with nine Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. We subjected the plants to heat stress regimes that varied in timing and frequency, but not in mean temperature, and we then grew the offspring of these plants under controlled conditions as well as under renewed heat stress. The stress treatments significantly carried over to the offspring generation, with timing having stronger effects on plant phenotypes than stress frequency. However there was no evidence that transgenerational effects were adaptive. The magnitudes of transgenerational effects differed substantially among genotypes, and for some traits the strength of plant responses was significantly associated with the climatic variability at the sites of origin. In summary, timing of heat stress not only directly affects plants, but it can also cause transgenerational effects on offspring phenotypes. Genetic variation in transgenerational effects, as well as correlations between transgenerational effects and climatic variability, indicate that transgenerational effects can evolve, and have probably already done so in the past.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana GTS1 transcripts are activated by yeast extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Burcu Arıkan ◽  
Aslı Semercі ◽  
Ozgur Cakır ◽  
Kara Turgut
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ribosome Biogenesis ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Wd40 Repeat

WD40 repeat-containing proteins participate in DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions and positively regulate plant stress responses. GTS1, known as a WD40 repeat-containing protein, works as a scaffold protein and is important in ribosome biogenesis and also biomass accumulation. In this study, we evaluated the GIGANTUS1 (GTS1) gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stress factors in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In addition, we grew and characterized A. thaliana gts1 mutant (T-DNA SALK_010647) in order to observe the effects of its absence on plants. According to our results, 100-200 mM abscisic acid (ABA) and 100-200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment did not cause any changes in GTS1 gene expression, while only 6 h of 1 g/l and 2 g/l yeast extract (YE) treatment negatively affected GTS1 expression in 10-day-old plant explants. After 10 and 30 days of YE treatment, GTS1 gene expression was upregulated, and as a consequence plant growth efficiency was reduced. We thus concluded that through the downregulation of GTS1 transcripts, we could obtain better growth and/or higher biomass, which seems to be a good option for agricultural recruitments.

scholarly journals Transgenerational effects of temperature fluctuations in Arabidopsis thaliana

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Deng ◽  
Oliver Bossdorf ◽  
J F Scheepens
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Transgenerational Effects ◽  
Plant Stress Responses ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Offspring Generation

Abstract Plant stress responses can extend into the following generations, a phenomenon called transgenerational effects. Heat stress, in particular, is known to affect plant offspring, but we do not know to what extent these effects depend on the temporal patterns of the stress, and whether transgenerational responses are adaptive and genetically variable within species. To address these questions, we carried out a two-generation experiment with nine Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. We subjected the plants to heat stress regimes that varied in timing and frequency, but not in mean temperature, and we then grew the offspring of these plants under controlled conditions as well as under renewed heat stress. The stress treatments significantly carried over to the offspring generation, with timing having stronger effects on plant phenotypes than stress frequency. However, there was no evidence that transgenerational effects were adaptive. The magnitudes of transgenerational effects differed substantially among genotypes, and for some traits the strength of plant responses was significantly associated with the climatic variability at the sites of origin. In summary, timing of heat stress not only directly affects plants, but it can also cause transgenerational effects on offspring phenotypes. Genetic variation in transgenerational effects, as well as correlations between transgenerational effects and climatic variability, indicate that transgenerational effects can evolve, and have probably already done so in the past.

scholarly journals Determination of amino acids and nutritional aspects in transgenic soybean exposed to glyphosate/ Determinação de aminoácidos e aspectos nutricionais na soja transgênica exposta ao glifosato

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 58068-58078
Author(s):  
André Luiz de Souza Lacerda ◽  
João Nicanildo Bastos dos Santos ◽  
Ary Gertes Carneiro Junior ◽  
Rodrigo Anselmo Tarsitano ◽  
Ricardo Salvador da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Transgenic Event ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

With the increase of glyphosate tolerant transgenic soybean cultivation areas, this substance has become the main herbicide for this crop, its use may interfere in the metabolism and nutritional aspects of transgenic plants. In this scenario, the objective of this work was to verify the oil, protein, phytate and amino acid concentrations in glyphosate tolerant soybean cultivar. Comparing the averages between oil, protein and total amino acid levels in transgenic soybean exposed and not exposed to glyphosate, it was found that there was no significant difference by Tukey test at 5% probability. In conclusion, the data indicate that although the transgenic event affects some routes, amino acid synthesis was not affected nor in nutritional terms at the glyphosate doses studied.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document