The influence of selective light on the growth reaction and antioxidant system of seedlings Pisum sativum L.

Aim. Study of the effect of red (660 nm), green (530 nm) and blue (450 nm) light on the growth processes and the state of the antioxidant system in the axial organs of seedlings of pea plants. Methods. Etiolated seedlings of pea Maecenat variety were irradiated with selective light with different spectrum of RL (660 nm), GL (530 nm), BL (450 nm) to activate photoreceptor systems of plants. In 10-day-old seedlings, growth response was determined – linear growth and biomass accumulation, as well as indicators of antioxidant system – hydrogen peroxide content and activity of oxidases – catalase and nonspecific peroxidase in axial organs of seedlings: in the aboveground part and roots. Results. Irradiation of the RL and the GL stimulates the accumulation of seedling biomass in the aboveground part and roots. BL inhibits the growth response of seedlings. The maximum stimulating effect is shown by the GL. The state of the antioxidant system in etiolated seedlings is characterized by organ specificity. Under the action of selective light, the content of the main form of ROS – hydrogen peroxide and shoots and in the roots, significantly stimulates the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in the aboveground part of the seedling and is inhibited in the roots. The maximum effect in the aboveground part is shown by the GL, in the roots of the RL and the BL. Conclusions. The established effects of selective light irradiation are manifested differently in the aboveground and underground parts of seedlings. Possible mechanisms of connection of a condition of antioxidant system with separate aspects of signaling in photomorphogenesis of plants are discussed. Keywords: Pisum sativum L., selective light, RL (660 nm), GL (530 nm), BL (450 nm), growth reaction, axial organs, H2O2, catalase, peroxidase.

Polymorphism of high-molecular-weight glutenin loci in Ukrainian wheat landraces Triticum aestivum L.

Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate allelic variability of high-molecular-weight glutenin loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1 in Ukrainian winter wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars Triticum aestivum L. Methods. Allelic diversity at the Glu-1 loci were analyzed in 54 collection accessions, including 41 landraces (Krymka, Banatka, Girka, Theyka and others), and 13 first breeding cultivars that were developed in the beginning of the last century by selection from local wheat. Method of SDS-PAG electrophoresis according to Laemmli was used for fractionation of HMW glutenin subunits. Results. A total 11 alleles at the Glu-1 loci were identified, including 3 alleles at the Glu-A1 (a, b, c) and Glu-D1 (a, b, d) loci, and 5 – at the Glu- B1 (c, u, an, aj and subunit 9). Differences in frequencies of glutenin alleles were revealed. Conclusions. In the gene pool of Ukrainian winter bread wheat landraces the most widespread alleles were Glu-A1a (43.3 %), Glu-A1b (40.5 %), Glu-B1c (58 %), Glu-B1u (23 %), Glu-D1d (48.6 %), Glu-D1a (47.2 %). All these alleles (except of the Glu-D1a) are also predominant in the gene pool of modern commercial Ukrainian cultivars. A distinctive feature of Ukrainian landraces are the rare allelic variants of the Glu-B1 locus, which encode the subunits 1By9 and 1By8 (allele Glu-B1aj). Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., winter wheat, landraces, high-molecular-weight glutenin, alleles.

Study of the intrapopulation polymorphism of Trifolium repens L. from Lanivtsi under the anthropogenic load of various intensity

Aim. To study the phenotypic polymorphism of Trifolium repens L. populations growing under various anthropogenic load. Methods. The quantitative calculation of the leaves of the white clover by the presence or absence of the white leaf mark; the identification of the phenotype and genotype of the plant according to the pattern of the white leaf mark; the analysis of the phenotypic diversity and the study of the percentage of rare phenotypes; the calculation of the index of the phenotypes ratio. Results. 4 phenotypes were identified in the pasture area. The most common of them were the plants without the white mark with a frequency of 56.2 %. The plants with a full spot accounted for 27.5 %, with a spot with a gap – 15.4 %, with a central spot – 2.2 %. Heterozygous plants were absent. In the central part of the city, 7 genotypes were identified. Among these genotypes there were the significant decrease of the recessive homozygotes (by 43.6 %) and the increase of the frequency of VV (by 15.2 %) and VHVH (by 21.2 %) genotypes. Heterozygotes accounted for 1.3–3.0 %. The intrapopulation diversity in this territory was the highest (5.1) among the studied areas. In the population growing near Ternopil-Lanivtsi road, we identified 6 genotypes. The plants without spot (vv) and with the full spot (VV) were found with identical frequency of 34–35 %. The plants with a full high spot (VHVH) were about 20.4 %. Other phenotypes amounted to 10 %. Conclusions. In the populations located in ecologically polluted and anthropogenically loaded areas, the sets of alleles expand and the specific phenotypes appear under the influence of the mutation processes and natural selection. In the population without the anthropogenic load the decrease of the polymorphism and the increase of the frequency of individual genotypes (vv, VV) were observed. Keywords: Trifolium repens L., leaf phenotype, intrapopulation polymorphism, multiple allelism, bioindication, anthropogenic load.

Growth and productivity of wheat plants under drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis

Aim. The goal of this work was to study the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis on the growth and productivity of breed winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods. Wheat plants of cultivars Darunok Podillya and Podolyanka were grown under optimal nutrition and well-water conditions until the earing-flowering phase, after that the experimental plants were transferred to drought regime for 8 days, after that the optimal water supply was restored to the end of vegetation. During the experiment, the leaf surface area, the mass of internodes and ear were determined. Ripened plants were analyzed according to the structure of the yield. Results. It was established that the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis the earing-flowering caused to the decreasing in leaf surface area, mass of internodes, ear, mass and number of grains in the ear and plant, weight of 1000 grains. Conclusions. Water deficit in the soil in the critical phase of earing-flowering led to a decrease in the productive of breed winter wheat plants due to the inhibition of growth of ear, decreasing grain number and the mass of ear and grains. Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., internode, ear, productivity, drought.

Inbreeding effects in Drosophila congenic strains: the influence of genetic background of different origin

Aim. To compare reproductive indices and stress resistance of Drosophila at outbreeding and inbreeding. Methods. Drosophila melanogaster congenic strains with incomplete development of the radial wing vein – radius incompletus – were used: the laboratory one and the strain, in which the mutation was placed into the genetic background of wild type strain, which originates from the natural population from radiation contaminated territory. Before the experiment strains have passed 65 generations of inbreeding. Viability (number of individuals, pupa stage mortality), dominant lethal mutations frequency and life span of imago at starvation were analysed. Results. After inbreeding, there was a decrease in the frequency of dominant lethal mutations and an increase in viability of the strain, which originates from the natural population, and a decrease of mortality at the pupal stage in both strains. Decreased life span of imago at starvation has been shown only for the inbred strain, which originates from the natural population. Conclusions. Inbreeding for 65 generations has no significant negative effect on reproductive indices; reduction of stress resistance during inbreeding has been shown only for the strain, which originates from the radiation contaminated territory. Keywords: Drosophila, viability, dominant lethal mutations, life span of imago at starvation, inbreeding.

Evaluation of polyploid miscanthus lines usage efficiency as a feedstock for bioethanol production

Aim. Main aim of this research was the evaluation of theoretical bioethanol yield (per ha) from hexaploid giant miscanthus (Miscanthus х giganteus) and further comparison with conventional triploid form as well as with other bioethanol crops. Methods. Several mathematic functions were determined that describe yearly yield dynamics and equations, which were used in calculations of theoretical bioethanol yield. Results. The theoretical bioethanol yield was evaluated for different hexaploid miscanthus lines. The most productive in terms of ethanol yield were lines 108 and 202, from which potential bioethanol yield was found to be higher than in control line (6451 L/ha) by 10.7 % and 14.2% respectively and can reach 7144 L/ha and 7684 L/ha. Conclusions. It was determined that the most productive lines of polyploid miscanthus (lines 108 and 202) are able to compete with other plant cellulosic feedstocks for second-generation bioethanol production in Ukraine. However, these lines show bioethanol productivity than sweet sorghum, in the case when sweet sorghum is processed for obtainment of both first- and second-generation bioethanol. Keywords: bioenergy crops, biofuels, giant miscanthus, Miscanthus, polyploidy, second-generation bioethanol.

Life and scientific path of Fedor Antonovich Tkachenko (06. 28. 1921 – 02.22.1985). To the 100th anniversary of the birth

A brief review of information about the life and scientific path of the famous domestic geneticist and breeder of vegetable and melon crops, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor F.A. Tkachenko, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of his birth, is given. The main stages of the formation of F.A. Tkachenko as a person and a scientist during periods of war, training and work at the Institute of Vegetable Growing and Melon Growing of the NAAS are shown. The data on its participation in the development of genetics of heterosis and selection of heterotic hybrids of vegetable and melon crops in Ukraine are presented. The main scientific achievements and results of F.A. Tkachenko's activity as a scientist and teacher are indicated. The role of F.A. Tkachenko in the work of the Institute of Vegetable and Melon Growing of the NAAS and the formation of the national scientific school in the field of genetics and selection of vegetable and melon crops is shown. Keywords: vegetable and melon crops, genetics of heterosis and heterotic plant breeding in Ukraine, scientific achievements of F.A. Tkachenko.

Genetic polymorphism of white mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in Ukraine

Aim. The aim of the study was to establish genetic differences between V. album growing in different parts of Ukraine. Methods. White mistletoe samples collected in different regions of Ukraine were used in the study. The method of estimating the intron length polymorphism of β-tubulin genes was used. Amplified DNA fragments were fractionated by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver nitrate staining. Results. The genotypes of 91 white mistletoe plants were analyzed. DNA profiles of white mistletoe with a specific amplicons of β-tubulin gene introns were obtained, which allowed to differentiate the samples from each other. Fingerprinting data were used for cluster analysis and dendrogram construction. Conclusions. It was found that the analyzed mistletoe samples did not differ by geographical factor and were characterized by a low level of genetic diversity in the studied samples. Keywords: Viscum album L., intron length polymorphism, β-tubulin, genetic variability, Ukraine.

Immunological characteristics of winter wheat varieties to the main pathogens in the right-bank Forest Steppe

Aim. To determine the resistance of winter wheat varieties to the main pathogens, to establish their stability and plasticity, to identify perspective sources of resistance. Methods. Laboratory – production of inoculum of pathogens; field – artificial inoculation,, assessment of variety stability; statistical calculation of disease severity, indicators of stability and plasticity. Results. In 2015–2017, the resistance of 43 varieties of winter wheat to the main pathogens of leaf diseases, common bunt and root rots was assessed. Resistance to powdery mildew was found in 32 varieties, tan spot – in 2, root rot – in 3, hard smut – in 2 varieties. Six varieties of winter wheat were characterized by group resistance. Varieties that combine high plasticity and stability of the sign of disease resistance have been identified. Conclusions. Valuable sources of resistance are winter wheat varieties with group resistance to common bunt and powdery mildew – Tradytsiia Odeska and Kurs; powdery mildew and tan spot – Nasnaga and Zolotonozhka; powdery mildew and root rot – Nezabudka and Shchedrist kyivska.Keywords: resistance, winter wheat, diseases, plasticity, stability.

Influence of the constituents of Izatison, DMSO and PEG400, on the growth and the grain productivity of the oat cultivar Nezlamny during two generations after the seed treatment

Aim. The investigation of the influence of the constituents of Izatison, DMSO and PEG400, on the oat growth and its grain productivity during 2 generations after the seed treatment became the aim of this study for the elucidation of mechanism of Izatison stimulant influence. Methods. The broad scale of the concentrations of the solvents composition in the proportion, to be as in Izatison, was used. The plants were grown in the field. The growth processes were evaluated by the stem height on the tubing stage. The grain productivity was characterized by the panicle length, the grains number in the panicle and of theirs weight. Results. The dependence of influence of the solvents composition on the stem growth from its concentration was detected in the first generation. In some variants the negative influence was revealed on the grains number in the panicle and on theirs weight. The stimulation of the growth regardless from the solvents concentration was observed in the second generation and the more pronounced negative effect on the grain productivity. Conclusions. The solvents DMSO and PEG400 are able to influence on the oat growth and its productivity, and that effect was manifested also in 2 generation after the seed treatment. Keywords: Izatison, DMSO, PEG400, oat growth and grain productivity.