A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON COMPOSITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CHEESE IN EC MEMBER STATES

1988 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophoros P. Pappas
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-203
Author(s):  
Christina Zournatzi

This paper brings together a comparative study alongside expert analysis of the most important International Maritime Conventions of interest to two European Member States with extensive and significant maritime traditions, Italy and Greece. Initially the general legal framework of these two States with civil law systems is pointed out, followed by an analysis of the most influential and eminent maritime Conventions that have been implemented in the States’ legal systems. The Conventions on salvage, arrest of ships, maritime liens and mortgages and limitation of liability are considered and scrutinised. The methods and the legislative actions that the States adopted for the International rules to become part of their national legislative systems are examined thoroughly.


2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-176
Author(s):  
Ivan Tot

One of the novelties introduced into Croatian law with the Financial Operations and Pre-Bankruptcy Settlement Act of 2012 (ZFPPN) is the introduction of a new legal consequence of late payment in the so-called commercial transactions. On the basis of Art. 13 (1) of the ZFPPN, the creditor of a monetary obligation is ex lege entitled to a lump sum compensation for recovery costs in Croatian kunas in the amount equivalent of forty euros. This lump sum compensation, designated in the ZFPPN as “a special compensation for the creditor's recovery costs incurred due to debtor's late payment in commercial transactions”, was introduced into Croatian law in order to comply with the provisions of the Art. 6 Directive 2011/7/EU. The paper discusses the legal nature and functions of the lump sum compensation for recovery costs and analyses the conditions for the arising of the creditor's right to a lump sum compensation, maturity and prescription of the claim to a lump sum compensation. The interpretation of the provisions of the ZFPPN in this paper is based on a comparative legal analysis and is in line with the Directive 2011/7/EU. In the utilisation of the comparative method, the solutions adopted in Austrian and German law were primarily considered, while the research also included the laws and regulations of all EU Member States that were adopted in the tranposition of the provisions of Art. 6. Directive 2011/7/EU.


2021 ◽  
pp. 234779892110573
Author(s):  
Amira Ahmed Elsayed Abdelkhalek

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is considered one of the most important regional organizations in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region, which effectively solves some of the crises in the sub-region and the wider Middle East. GCC has employed many diplomatic procedures to address regional crises, including mediation, negotiation, and arbitration. Undoubtedly, GCC has successfully resolved some intrastate conflicts, particularly border conflicts among its member states. However, despite these achievements, the GCC has failed to resolve several regional disputes, and the continuation of such crises threatens the region’s security and stability. This article seeks to explore why the GCC institutions are ineffective in resolving some regional crises. In doing so, it addresses the comparative study by focusing on two case studies (the Iraq–Iran War and the ongoing Yemen Crisis) and provides three main results: first, the GCC has not directly intervened as an institution to resolve certain disputes; however, some GCC members have acted on its behalf and represented it. Second, despite the GCC member states’ efforts, they are still unable to resolve and settle some disputes because they prioritize self-interest over collaboration. Third, the conflict of interest of various regional actors contributes to the lack of significant progress in resolving crises.


Author(s):  
Ayse Guner ◽  
Rusen Keles

In the effort to examine local governments within a country, the first place to look at would be the constitution of that state. Constitutions usually provide us with important information about local governments; on their types, competencies, revenues and various other characteristics. This study aims to compare the clauses devoted to local governments in the constitutions of 23 European Union (EU) member states and Turkey. While there are certain studies concerned with how local governments are worded within constitutions, these are generally singular cases focusing on one country alone. This chapter aims to provide comparative and informative information on local governments in the constitutions of the related states by categorizing the most commonly stipulated clauses.


Author(s):  
Sacha Garben

Title XII deals with EU competences in the fields of education, vocational training, youth, and sport. According to Article 6 TFEU, these four areas qualify among those where the EU has the power to ‘support, coordinate or supplement the actions of the Member States’, meaning that the EU’s role is limited to a secondary one and that harmonization of national laws and regulations is excluded. As we shall see, however, this has not prevented a significant amount of European integration taking place in these very areas that are often considered to belong to the core tasks of the nation state.


1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-64
Author(s):  
Frans Kaiser ◽  
Jos B.J. Koelman ◽  
Raymond J.G.M. Florax ◽  
Frans A. van Vught

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