Natives’ skills and attitudes towards immigrants: evidence from 20 OECD countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-471
Author(s):  
Seong Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Age Cohort

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether natives’ attitudes toward immigration is associated with an influx of high- and low-skilled immigrants. The current research focuses on selected 20 OECD countries as destination countries. Design/methodology/approach A pseudo-panel based on age cohort is constructed to control for the potential unobservable individual characteristics. The random effects and within estimators (where applicable) are applied in the panel-data setting. Findings Regression results indicate that natives’ attitudes depend on their labor market exposure and skill type. Low-skill immigrant inflows are negatively associated with natives’ attitudes, but the magnitude is reduced proportionally to their share of the high skilled. The association between immigrant flows and attitudes is particularly strong for the prime-age cohorts, which can be explained by the labor market competition mechanism. Research limitations/implications Given the data limitations, not all destination countries could be analyzed but only selected OECD countries. However, this situation has resulted in the sample destination countries sharing similar characteristics with advanced economies. Originality/value Although the majority of previous studies are based on survey questions on attitudes toward immigrants with respective skill type, the current study focuses on the effects of the actual immigration flows. Natives’ attitudes respond sensitively to the actual changes in the number of migrants. The selection of OECD countries makes the characteristics of the destination countries substantially homogeneous.

Generational differences in work quality characteristics and job satisfaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Snow Andrade ◽  
Jonathan H. Westover
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Work Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to determine if job satisfaction increases with age, and if this is consistent across countries; and second, if individuals belonging to the same age cohort, who experience similar life conditions and events and have been posited to share common attitudes and behaviors, differ in terms of job satisfaction, and if this difference is comparable across countries. Design/methodology/approach The study provides a comparative analysis of the impact of age and generational differences on job satisfaction globally, based on non-panel longitudinal data from the most recent wave of the International Social Survey Program (Work Orientations IV, 2015). Findings Age has a positive statistically significant impact on job satisfaction (e.g. the older you get, the more satisfied you are with your job). However, the same analysis with each specific age cohort indicates that age is only statistically significant with the baby boomers. Statistically significant cross-generational differences exist in the levels of job satisfaction across generations and cross-generational differences in the determinants of job satisfaction. Most differences are seen between the silent generation and the other three age cohorts. Originality/value Previous comparative studies have found that job satisfaction across generations, even within the same or similar countries, shows little variation. Research measuring the relationship between age and job satisfaction indicates three key contradictory findings – satisfaction increases with age, decreases with age, or no relationship exists. The current large-scale, global study updates and extends previous research by exploring similarities and differences in job satisfaction and work quality characteristics by age cohort, with a global sample.

Discrimination against gays and lesbians in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Flage
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexual Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Meta Analyses

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the true level of discrimination against openly gay and lesbian applicants in hiring decisions in OECD countries as well as on its determinants. Design/methodology/approach The author presents an overview of all studies conducted in order to test for discrimination against homosexual applicants in the labor market by the correspondence testing method. Moreover, the author performs a meta-analysis of correspondence tests from 18 separate studies conducted in OECD countries to test sexual orientation discrimination, containing more than 70 estimates of effects and representing a total of more than 50,000 resumes sent to employers. In addition to presenting overall results, the author focus on subgroups of specific correspondence tests in order to highlight the differences across gender, type of jobs, procedure, continent and type of information provided in applications. Findings The author provides evidence that sexual orientation discrimination occurs in the labor market in OECD countries, such that openly homosexual applicants face similar discrimination as ethnic minority applicants. Discrimination is significantly greater in the selection process for low-skilled than for high-skilled jobs. In the selection process for low-skilled jobs, lesbian candidates face significantly lower discrimination than gays (except in jobs that are considered “women’s” jobs). Discrimination is significantly higher in Europe than in North America. Moreover, the way sexual orientation is signaled may influence the level of discrimination found. Finally, discrimination against homosexual applicants is not only a matter of preferences: providing more positive information in applications significantly reduces the level of discrimination. Originality/value This paper offers the first quantitative analysis of sexual orientation discrimination in OECD countries through meta-analyses.

Niche level segmentation of green consumers

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Verma
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Marketing ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Generational Cohort ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gen Y ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Green Consumers ◽  
Young Consumers ◽  
Age Cohort

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find the niche segmentation of green consumers as a solution to psychographic or demographic predicament. Age cohort and generational cohort (Gen Y and Gen Z) of young consumers are studied for individualization and customization. Design/methodology/approach Age cohorts (Gen Z and Gen Y customers) have their unique needs. Both Gen Y (1981-1995) and Gen Z (post-1995) belong to the young consumer segment in the age group of 20-30 years but their generational cohorts are different. Strategic marketing advocates both generational marketing based on age cohorts and segmented marketing for young consumers. Strategic marketing faces cross-road between youth segmentation and generational cohort (Gen Z and Gen Y) due to intersection between the two during the 20-30 age group. Primary data using the ecological conscious consumer behavior (ECCB) scale was collected and analyzed for understanding the individual and relative importance of psychographic and demographic factors in influencing green behavior. The traditional youth segment is sliced into four sub-groups (Young Nest 1-4), and their interaction effect with post hoc analysis was done for the identification of sources of difference between different age cohorts. The findings of the study were compared with previous studies and unique contributions of this study were identified. Findings The findings indicate multiple niche young segments with demographic as the primary criterion and psychographic as the building block. Niche level and individual level segments emerge due to the interaction of various factors within a given age cohort. The findings confirm the identity development process which considered age as an important factor that affects varying choices throughout life from adolescence to adulthood. Practical implications The findings of this study may be used for effective targeting and positioning strategy of green marketing. In the time of analytics, age cohorts and generational cohort of young consumers can be approached differently for yielding better environmental results. The magnified niche level segmentation of young consumers may be used to develop individualized and customized promotions for young customers in Young Nest 1-4 for an enhanced ECCB. Originality/value Previous studies have focused more on consumer characteristics (demographic or psychographic) and their relative importance but niche level segmentation within given demographic segment was not attempted before. This study is unique in offering microscopic analysis of age cohorts of young consumers (Young Nest 1-4) and their interaction with other demographic variables (gender and income) for niche level segmentation.

scholarly journals Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENS HAINMUELLER ◽  
MICHAEL J. HISCOX
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Skilled Immigration

Past research has emphasized two critical economic concerns that appear to generate anti-immigrant sentiment among native citizens: concerns about labor market competition and concerns about the fiscal burden on public services. We provide direct tests of both models of attitude formation using an original survey experiment embedded in a nationwide U.S. survey. The labor market competition model predicts that natives will be most opposed to immigrants who have skill levels similar to their own. We find instead that both low-skilled and highly skilled natives strongly prefer highly skilled immigrants over low-skilled immigrants, and this preference is not decreasing in natives' skill levels. The fiscal burden model anticipates that rich natives oppose low-skilled immigration more than poor natives, and that this gap is larger in states with greater fiscal exposure (in terms of immigrant access to public services). We find instead that rich and poor natives are equally opposed to low-skilled immigration in general. In states with high fiscal exposure, poor (rich) natives are more (less) opposed to low-skilled immigration than they are elsewhere. This indicates that concerns among poor natives about constraints on welfare benefits as a result of immigration are more relevant than concerns among the rich about increased taxes. Overall the results suggest that economic self-interest, at least as currently theorized, does not explain voter attitudes toward immigration. The results are consistent with alternative arguments emphasizing noneconomic concerns associated with ethnocentrism or sociotropic considerations about how the local economy as a whole may be affected by immigration.

Assessing retail market competition for multi-aquaculture products

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulai Fofana ◽  
Shabbar Jaffry
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Aquaculture Products ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate market competition for three product types of salmon (smoke, fresh and whole salmon) to understand whether supermarkets are exercising market power over salmon consumers in the UK retail market. Design/methodology/approach – Competition and the corresponding pricing conduct among supermarkets are tested by applying dynamic structural simultaneous system equations and using similar data set used by Jaffry et al. (2003). Findings – The results indicate that the market is competitive for fresh fillets and whole salmon but retailers appeared to exert some level of market power for smoke salmon. The hypothesis that market power is the same for all three products in the study was rejected; further indicating that the market for fresh products are competitive while retailers may be exercising market power over consumers for smoke salmon. Research limitations/implications – Current data limitations did not allow the investigation to cover the past few years in the modelling process. However, the results are still relevant as there have been no major structural changes in aquaculture products retailing landscape in the recent past. Practical implications – Concerns over the supermarkets’ exercise of market power over consumers have prompted the competition authorities to continue investigating the situation in the UK supermarket sector since 1996. The most recent investigation by competition authorities was in 2006. In all cases, no evidence of market power was found despite increased market concentration. Results from this study generally uphold the claim of the competition authorities in the UK. Originality/value – This is the first study to use a model within a structural econometric framework of firms to test for competitiveness of salmon products in the UK market place.

scholarly journals Sub-national union coverage and the youth's labor market outcomes: evidence from a national survey in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thang Ngoc Bach ◽  
Hung Ly Dai ◽  
Viet Hung Nguyen ◽  
Thanh Le
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
National Union ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Union Coverage ◽  
Wide Range

PurposeThis paper examines the effects of sub-national union coverage on the youth's labor market outcomes.Design/methodology/approachIn the context of the private business sector in Vietnam, this study link individual labor market data with union coverage at provincial level in the period 2013–2016 to investigate the effects of sub-national union coverage on the youth's labor market outcomes. Contingent on the outcome variable, we use the OLS and probit model that control for diverse individual characteristics, year- and industry-fixed effects, and particularly control for selection bias in the labor market.FindingsThe empirical results show that the union coverage is positively associated with a wide range of the youth's labor market outcomes, including employment status, wage rate, work hour, and job formality. Also, the coverage is complementary to individual labor contract in determining the youth's wage rate.Originality/valueThis study provides an in-depth study on the interplay between trade union and the youth's labor market outcomes that contributes to the literature of labor market institutions and youth employment policies in a dynamic transitional economy of Vietnam.

scholarly journals What Do You Fear? Anti-immigrant Sentiment in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Covadonga Meseguer ◽  
Achim Kemmerling
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Skill Composition

In this article, we study the material determinants of anti-immigrant sentiment in Latin America. Based on new data on immigration to non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, we use the workhorse distributive theories that anticipate who wins and who loses from immigration and test their predictive capacity in labor-abundant countries. We exploit the variation in regional immigration rates, in the skill composition of natives versus migrants, and in the relative generosity of Latin American welfare states. We find that fears of labor-market competition are weak predictors of anti-immigrant sentiment. In contrast, fears of greater tax burdens are strong and robust predictors of anti-immigrant sentiment. We conclude that studying Latin American public opinion opens new avenues for theorizing about anti-immigrant sentiment in developing countries.

Does income shock affect informal employment? Evidence from Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Hye Kim
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Income Shock ◽  
Wage Cuts

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine whether participating informality is attributed to income shocks such as wage arrears, unexpected wage cuts or compulsory unpaid leaves. The current research uses Russia longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2002–2015.Design/methodology/approachUsing formal jobs as the base category, the authors conducted pooled multinomial logit regressions allowing for the two additional employment statuses: workers without contracts and unincorporated business workers.FindingsThe overall results mainly suggest that no effects occur. In other words, unexpected negative income shocks are not the main driving force of informality. Although the majority of previous studies are based on survey questions on unexpected income shock which has sample selection bias, to obtain robustness, the current study used Russian minimum wage reforms as income shocks. This research shows that Russian minimum wage reform does not affect the decision of informality in the labor market.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the data limitations, the authors only observed and examined the supply-side of the labor market. Tax-evading motives would be the main reason for informality; to ensure this conjecture, however, demand and supply sides need to be simultaneously examined which is beyond the scope of this study.Originality/valueIn contrast to a large number of studies on cross-sectional differences in determinants of informal job holding, emphasis on the effects of income shocks on informal employment across business cycles has been minimal. The current study focuses on the business cycles because trends of informal employment can be interpreted differently regardless of whether in an economic boom or recession. Russia, as a unique natural experiment, provides us to examine informal job holdings over the business cycle.

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