Economic growth, disparity, and determinants of female labor force participation

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reena Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Child Care ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Labor Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the themes of relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation; and to identify the factors which determine females to participate in labor market. The paper uses a framework incorporating a U-shaped relationship between FLFP and economic growth, gender wise wage disparity and economic, social, cultural and other factors which affects FLFP.Design/methodology/approachThematically, the selected literature falls into three main categories: the relationship between FLFP and economic growth; disparity in work participation in terms of male and female wages; and drivers or determinants of FLFP which have been described using international documents and experiences of the different countries. The review closes by identifying gaps in the existing research base and by suggesting areas for inquiry that have been untouched and warrant further research.FindingsThe key findings emerging from this examination of literature show that the FLFP rate exhibits a U-shaped during the process of economic development. Also, there are evidences of gender pay disparity across the sectors which have been justified by documenting a large number of existing literatures. Demographic factors (including fertility, migration, marriages and child care), economic factors (including unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job and infrastructure) and other explanatory variables which include the regulatory context encompassing family and childcare policies, tax regimes, and presence of subsidized health-care for workers determine the FLFP.Practical implicationsThis paper suggests that in order to bring equality in gender pay gap, there is a requirement of replacing the traditional value system. There is need to provide an environment in which women are encouraged and supported in their efforts, in which women have equitable access to resources and opportunities.Social implicationsThis paper addresses the impact of education, culture and child care subsidies on female labor participation. They positively impact FLFP and such a link has not been sufficiently addressed in prior literature.Originality/valueIn contrast to previous studies which document a broad-based picture of female work participation, this type of research deals with the link between economic growth and female labor participation, gender wage disparity and determinants of it which has been largely unexplored so far.

scholarly journals Female Labor Market Participation and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Khaliq ◽  
Dilawar Khan ◽  
Sultan Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Hamayun ◽  
Barkat Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Adf Test

Female labor force plays a significant role in the economic development of a country. The core objective of this paper is to examine the nexus between female labor force participation rate and Pakistan’s economic growth using time series data for the period 1990-2014. The data was extracted from World Development Indicators database. Augmented-Dickey Fuller (ADF) test was applied to examine the data for unit root. The results show that both the variables--- female labor force participation rate and economic growth---are stationary at first difference i.e. I(1). The error correction model (ECM) and Johansen co-integration tests were used to examine the co-integration relation between the variables. The econometric results conclude that there is long-run and a U-shaped link between economic growth and women labor force participation rate of Pakistan. The results conclude that lower female labor force participation rate leads to lower economic growth in Pakistan. This paper has important policy implications, suggests that policies intend to remove such barriers could help to enhance the Pakistan’s economic growth.

scholarly journals Female labor force participation, paid maternity, caste system and under-5 mortality in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailash Timilsina ◽  
Yothin Sawangdee ◽  
Pojjana Hunchangsith ◽  
Jongjit Rittirong
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Of Death

Purpose The under-5 mortality rate in Nepal remains high in comparison to neighboring countries and developed nations. The result of this problem on Nepal’s social, economic, political and cultural development makes it an urgent priority requiring the Nepalese Government to address this issue. The purpose of this paper is to find out if Nepal’s high female labor force participation (FLFP), the caste system and no paid maternity leave are contributing factors to under-5 deaths in Nepal. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were taken from Nepal’s cross-sectional demographic health survey 2016–2017. The study sample included 5,060 children born to 3,074 mothers in the five years preceding the survey. Data were collected by interviewing respondents via a structured questionnaire selected through stratified random sampling methods. Findings The study found that the hazard ratio for FLFP, the caste of the mother and paid maternity were 1.145, 1.485 and 0.556, respectively, with a p-value <0.001. Therefore, the risk of death in children under-5 years for a working mother, a Terai caste mother and a mother who did not get paid maternity was 14, 45 and 48 percent, respectively, higher than for non-working mothers, mothers from other castes and mothers who got paid maternity. Originality/value This research demonstrated that FLFP, the caste of the mother and paid maternity leave are important factors for determining the risk of death in children under the age of 5.

scholarly journals Role of Female Labor Force Participation in Child Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-388
Author(s):  
Mabrooka Altaf ◽  
Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Azhar Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Child Immunization ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of female labor force participation on child (under 5-years of age) health in Pakistan. Child health was gauged through child immunization coverage status measured by recording receipt of 22 doses of eight basic vaccines.  A micro data set (i.e., 5872 children) from Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-2018 was utilized for the study. As per recommendations of the World Health Organization, if a child had received all the 22 doses of those eight important vaccinations, he/she was assumed as highly immunized, and vice versa. The impact of mothers’ employment and other explanatory variables, on child health, was investigated using Ordered logistic regression. The child with higher birth order (OR = 0.927; p-value = 0.000), the child of not-working mother (OR = 0.829; p-value = 0.012), the child of illiterate mothers (OR = 0.606; p-value = 0.000), the child of the mother having no own mobile phone (OR = 0.793; p-value = 0.000), and the child belonged to the poorest family (OR = 0.535; p-value = 0.000) had less likelihood of immunization coverage. Mother’s age (OR = 1.055; p-value = 0.005), number of ANC visits made by the mother (OR = 0.925; p-value = 0.000), and male gender of the child (OR = 1.086; p-value = 0.082) had more probabilities for child immunization coverage. Hence, there is a need to alleviate poverty and gender discrimination as well as to create  opportunities to increase female education, awareness, and labor force participation for better outcomes relating to child health.

scholarly journals Women’s Employment and Fertility: A Welfare Regime Paradox

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Christin Landivar ◽  
Carter T. Butts
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Employment Rates

In this article we methodologically assess the paradox posited by other researchers of fertility: namely, why fertility is so much lower in the familialistic countries of Southern and Eastern Europe. We examine the relationship between individual attributes, aggregate female labor force participation, child care enrollment, family leave, and individual fertility in twenty developed countries using a hierarchical Bayesian model. Our results indicate that women's full-time employment and country-level employment rates decrease expected fertility in contrast to recent research which shows a reversal in the negative association between total fertility rates and female labor force participation during the 1980s. However, the positive association between child care enrollment and fertility indicates that child care services might mitigate some of the decline in fertility, possibly by reducing labor force exit among women with young children.

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