Analysis the Impact of National Security Policy and Security Challenges on the Citizens of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Pakistan is considered to below middle an income country in south Asia having a fragile and agro based economy. Pakistan is encountering various sociopolitical, geo political, socioeconomic and socio-religious issues and challenges which are halting its national security. . In this regard to counter above mentioned challenges of national security the pioneer defense and NSP (National Security Policy) followed soon after. In the absence of sufficient and particular literature on the subject of national security, the opening part of this research work will first highlight the overarching national interests of Pakistan secondly analysis of the current challenges which are obstructing Pakistan to achieve these national interests and identification of significant threats to national security. In the later part, a comprehensive examination of the current NSP (National Security Policy) of Pakistan and related documents will be done to answer the primary research question that whether this strategic manuscript addresses the major threats to the national security of Pakistan recognized in our research work as the fear of fundamental Islamist terrorism to the tourism industry overseas pressure and planned crime.

The Impact of Environmental Sustainability and Financial Resources Utilization on Firm Financial Performance: The Mediating Role of Leadership Styles

The paper aims to explore the impact of environmental sustainability and financial resources utilization on a firm’s financial performance through the mediation of leadership style in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. First, a conceptual framework is devised among the relationship of exogenous and endogenous variables and the hypotheses are examined conferring to the relationships in the conceptual framework. Data is collected using a questionnaire from a sample of 47 registered manufacturing firms (Chemical, Pharmaceuticals). Then, the study is supported by neoclassical theory, resource-based theory, and financial slaked theory, multiple regression analyses are implemented with the data analyzed by the partial least square equation. The research results indicate that the utilization of financial resources has a positive relationship with firm financial performance. In the short run, the adoption of environmental sustainability is negatively related to the firm financial performance with a transactional leadership style, but in the long run, it will give positive impacts on the firm financial performance with transformational leadership. The comparative analysis of Leadership styles showed that transactional leadership style mediates better results than transformational leadership for the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The study affords the modern ways, provides new insights to organizations, top management, and policymakers for the implementation of environmental sustainability and leadership skills for enhancing firm performance.

Safety and Security Issues of Media Professional: A Case Study of Freelance Journalists in Pakistan

In the last twenty years’ Pakistani media have experienced remarkable progress and transformation in its role. There have been serious setbacks in current years. Almost more than one hundred private TV channels are currently broadcasting. Pakistan is one of the unsafe counties of the world for journalists as per the 2020 report of the International Federation of Journalists Pakistan. Pakistan has been a war zone for almost forty years, where 140 journalists were killed in Pakistan from 2000 to 2020 but still, Pakistani law does not guarantee journalists' safety. Are they feeling safe and secure and which steps will be important for journalists’ security and safety? This researcher is qualitative. The data have been collected by conducting interviews and applying the social responsibility theory to investigate, what is about the freedom of speech because this theory describes the claims that the journalist always plays a responsible role of passing the information with freedom and the task of the press is to make journalism better.

Role of Female Labor Force Participation in Child Health

The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of female labor force participation on child (under 5-years of age) health in Pakistan. Child health was gauged through child immunization coverage status measured by recording receipt of 22 doses of eight basic vaccines. A micro data set (i.e., 5872 children) from Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-2018 was utilized for the study. As per recommendations of the World Health Organization, if a child had received all the 22 doses of those eight important vaccinations, he/she was assumed as highly immunized, and vice versa. The impact of mothers’ employment and other explanatory variables, on child health, was investigated using Ordered logistic regression. The child with higher birth order (OR = 0.927; p-value = 0.000), the child of not-working mother (OR = 0.829; p-value = 0.012), the child of illiterate mothers (OR = 0.606; p-value = 0.000), the child of the mother having no own mobile phone (OR = 0.793; p-value = 0.000), and the child belonged to the poorest family (OR = 0.535; p-value = 0.000) had less likelihood of immunization coverage. Mother’s age (OR = 1.055; p-value = 0.005), number of ANC visits made by the mother (OR = 0.925; p-value = 0.000), and male gender of the child (OR = 1.086; p-value = 0.082) had more probabilities for child immunization coverage. Hence, there is a need to alleviate poverty and gender discrimination as well as to create opportunities to increase female education, awareness, and labor force participation for better outcomes relating to child health.

American Muslim Comedians Use of Humour as a Persuasive Agent to Counter Islamophobia

This paper aims to explore the humour discourses of American Muslim standup comedians in response to Islamophobia in the post 9/11 era. There has been extensive research on how American Muslim standup comedy evolved through time, audience perception about Muslim standup comedians and the link between Muslim standup comedy and Islamophobia. For this purpose, three American Muslim standup comedians are selected through purposive sampling; Maz Jobrani, Hasan Minhaj and Muhammad Amer. Discourse analysis is conducted for selected comedians' Grand Netflix videos to study their humour discourses. This research adopts ‘Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of Carnivalesque’ as a theoretical framework to answer the research question. The findings suggest that comedians employed the incongruous humour function the most, then relief function and rarely employed the superiority function of humour in their standup discourses to counter the subjugation and discrimination Muslims have to suffer in western societies. Muslim comedians are successful in countering Islamophobia through humour but are unable to overthrow it from American culture. Nonetheless, the efforts of American Muslim comedians in highlighting and countering Islamophobia through humour discourses cannot be neglected.

Governance, Real Output and Foreign Direct Investment in Asia: A Panel Data Analysis

This study intends to analyze the impact of governance (such as political, economic and institutional governance) on real output (GDP) and foreign direct investment (FDI) in 26 Asian countries during 1996 – 2019. Results of panel ARDL show the positive impact of capital, labor and trade openness on GDP and FDI. Institutional governance affects GDP and as well as FDI negatively and validates the notion that corruption greases the wheel of growth but when institutional governance is used with other indicators of governance in the model, it affects the FDI positively. Other dimensions of governance such as political and economic governance have a positive and significant impact on GDP and FDI in all model specifications. The results of the panel causality test that there is bi-directional causality from governance to GDP but evidence of bi-directional causality among governance indicators have also been found. The study emphasized on the policy making to improve the level of governance in Asian countries.

Interaction between Law and Morality: The Philosophical Construct

This paper discusses the jurisprudential analysis of law and legislation in a modern state. The main objective of this analysis is to ascertain the role and status of morality in the modern constitutional setup. Various views of legal positivism will be probed in light of the role of morality in codification. The study will comprise upon doctrinal analysis of various positivist writers of the 20th century. Contemporary elements of law in the modern nation-state system are more pro-positivist in approach rather than moral. In the light of these elements, the reader will understand the scope of morality especially religious morality in the contemporary legal framework. A comparative analysis will explain the standards of both theories of legal positivism and naturalist interpretation of laws.

Mediating Role of Rumination between Neuroticism and Depression among the Married and Unmarried Nurses of Multan

The present research was directed to study the mediating role of rumination between neuroticism and depression among the married and unmarried nurses of Multan. Data was taken from (n=150) nurses through a stratified proportional sampling method. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Ruminative Response Scale and Big Five Inventory were utilized as an assessment measure in the present research. SPSS-21 version was used in the current research. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis revealed that rumination and neuroticism have a significant positive (P = .05) relationship with depression. However, hierarchical regression analysis by Baron and Kenny method shows that rumination shows a significant mediating (P = .05) role between neuroticism and depression. Consequences determined that a higher level of ruminating thoughts and neuroticism would lead to depression. The present study will help to understand the consequences of depression, especially among nurses. Existing policies and coping strategies could be inquired and could probably to improve to better help this population. Based on this study, it is not only particular for professionals or nurses to be aware of depression toward a better life in the Pakistani society but also to be educated on the culture itself and clinical area.

Analyzing the Link between Distributed Leadership and Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs at Secondary School Level

School head teachers can no longer lead their schools on your own; they are obligated to cooperate with their leadership team members. They assign various leadership functions to teachers and allow them to contribute in decision-making process. In this context, this correlational study was mainly intended to analyze secondary school teachers’ perceptions regarding various functions of distributed leadership and to find out their relative weight in terms of predicting secondary school teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. Furthermore, the effect of three demographical variables (i.e., gender, experience, school sector) was also studied in predicting teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. A randomly selected sample of 1335 secondary school teachers completed self-report questionnaire comprising three parts i.e., demographic section, 23 item Distributed Leadership Inventory (Hulpia et al., 2009) and 10 item Teacher Self-efficacy Scale (Schwarzer et al.,1999). Results of descriptive analysis revealed that secondary school teachers perceived themselves as highly self-efficacious. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that all the independent variables related to distributed leadership i.e., support, supervision and coherent leadership team and dependent variable i.e., teacher self-efficacy were found to be substantially related with each other. Standard multiple regression analysis indicated that coherent leadership team variable was the strongest predictor of secondary school teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. Results also suggested that coherence among leadership team affects secondary school teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs more positively in comparison with all the other independent variables. As regards demographical variables, school sector found to be a significant predictor of secondary school teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. Finally, this study recommends that school leaders should work in cooperation with all the teachers with a clear view on school goals in a trustworthy and open environment avoiding any role conflicts.

Organization Culture Change and its Effect on Women’s Motivation

The research study is mainly about the organization's culture change and its effect on women’s motivation in the organization. The selected organization for this research is K-Electric and the study focuses on the transition and transformation in the organizational context. The objectives have been developed to identify and investigate that how cultural change can affect motivation. In this regard, a review of literature has been done to conduct the secondary analysis, however, for primary analysis, semi-structured interviews have been conducted and a close-ended questionnaire has been developed on Likert scale to obtain quantitative nature of data, to further analyze it by applying the quantitative tools and methods in particular. The main findings of the overall research are that the organizational culture change in K-Electric has a direct and profound impact on the women's level of motivation. Moreover, programs that were undertaken to motivate the women's also resulted in women's increased level of adaptability and flexibility in the organization to a greater extent. The research limitation and future implications have also been discussed in the research. Along with this, the conclusion of the overall study has been given; in addition to the recommendations to further bring improvements in the organizational planning and formulated strategies.