scholarly journals Study on the Establishment Process of Muscle Synergy Based on Cosine Similarity*

Author(s):  
Lin T. Hu ◽  
Chong Xu ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Xiao Y. Wu ◽  
Wen S. Hou
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juri Taborri ◽  
Eduardo Palermo ◽  
Zaccaria Del Prete ◽  
Stefano Rossi

Muscle synergy theory is a new appealing approach for different research fields. This study is aimed at evaluating the robustness of EMG reconstruction via muscle synergies and the repeatability of muscle synergy parameters as potential neurophysiological indices. Eight healthy subjects performed walking, stepping, running, and ascending and descending stairs’ trials for five repetitions in three sessions. Twelve muscles of the dominant leg were analyzed. The “nonnegative matrix factorization” and “variability account for” were used to extract muscle synergies and to assess EMG goodness reconstruction, respectively. Intraclass correlation was used to quantify methodology reliability. Cosine similarity and coefficient of determination assessed the repeatability of the muscle synergy vectors and the temporal activity patterns, respectively. A 4-synergy model was selected for EMG signal factorization. Intraclass correlation was excellent for the overall reconstruction, while it ranged from fair to excellent for single muscles. The EMG reconstruction was found repeatable across sessions and subjects. Considering the selection of neurophysiological indices, the number of synergies was not repeatable neither within nor between subjects. Conversely, the cosine similarity and coefficient of determination values allow considering the muscle synergy vectors and the temporal activity patterns as potential neurophysiological indices due to their similarity both within and between subjects. More specifically, some synergies in the 4-synergy model reveal themselves as more repeatable than others, suggesting focusing on them when seeking at the neurophysiological index identification.


Author(s):  
S.A. Moiseev

The question of physiological function variability is of great theoretical interest, since it is a part of the theory of human voluntary movement control. The skeletal muscle control system should probably have a mechanism to reduce or limit the range of its possible variations. Presumably, the organization of the motor system elements according to the principle of muscular synergy is of such a nature. The objective of the work is to study variations and signs of the coordinated bioelectric activity of skeletal muscles in one of the resulting archery phases. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 5 highly qualified sportsmen (Master of Sport, International Master of Sport). Archers shot 10 series of 3 shots, target distance 18 m, indoors. Simultaneous recording of electrical activity of 12 skeletal muscles of the upper limb girdle and a 3D video sequence was made. The authors analyzed indicators of distribution, descriptive and variation statistics for grouped data. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify signs of consistent muscle activity. Results. Variability magnitudes, characterized by statistical parameters, established for the turn-off-peak characteristics of various muscles, did not have an explicit dependence. Muscles with relatively high scattering parameters in terms of the EMG average amplitude could have a small variation in the average number of EMG turns. The radial flexor of the left hand wrist was a part of muscular synergy in 90 % of cases, the anterior part of the left limb deltoid muscle – in 80 % of cases, the lower and upper beams of the right and left cowl muscle – in 70 % of cases. Other muscles under consideration were their part in less than 60 % of cases. Conclusion. The system of skeletal muscles that are actively involved in the resulting phases of precision movement can be controlled according to the mechanism of functional synergy formation, which probably helps to reduce the range of possible variations in the parameters of muscle electroactivity. Keywords: variability, archery, electromyography, coordination structure, muscle synergy. Вопрос вариативности физиологических функций представляет интерес в теоретическом плане, поскольку является частью теории управления произвольными движениями человека. Система управления скелетными мышцами, вероятно, должна иметь механизм, позволяющий сократить или ограничить диапазон возможных ее вариаций. Таковым, предположительно, является организация элементов моторной системы по принципу мышечных синергий. Цель работы – изучение вариаций и признаков согласованной биоэлектрической активности скелетных мышц в одной из результирующих фаз выстрела из лука. Материалы и методы. В исследованиях приняли участие 5 высококвалифицированных спортсменов (МС, МСМК). Лучники выполняли 10 серий по 3 выстрела с дистанции 18 м в крытом помещении. Производилась синхронная регистрация электрической активности 12 скелетных мышц верхнего плечевого пояса и 3D-видеоряда. Анализировались показатели распределения, описательной и вариационной статистики для сгруппированных данных. Для выявления признаков согласованной активности мышц применялся множественный регрессионный анализ. Результаты. Величины вариативности, характеризуемые статистическими параметрами, установленные для турн-аплитудных характеристик различных мышц, не имели явной зависимости. Мышцы, имеющие относительно высокие параметры разброса значений по показателю средней амплитуды ЭМГ, могли иметь небольшую вариативность среднего числа турнов ЭМГ. Лучевой сгибатель кисти левой руки являлся частью мышечной синергии в 90 % случаев, передняя часть дельтовидной мышцы левой конечности – в 80 %, нижние и верхние пучки трапециевидной мышцы правой и левой сторон – в 70 %. Другие исследуемые мышцы являлись их частью в менее чем 60 % случаев. Выводы. Управление системой скелетных мышц, принимающих активное участие в реализации одной из результирующих фаз точностного движения, может осуществляться по механизму образования функциональных синергий, что, вероятно, способствует снижению диапазона возможных вариаций параметров электроактивности мышц. Ключевые слова: вариативность, стрельба из лука, электромиография, координационная структура, мышечные синергии.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Jianhua Chen

 This paper analyzes the security algorithm and energy cost of wireless sensor networks in depth, and designs and implements a series of energy-optimized security solutions to ensure the secure establishment and operation of wireless sensor networks. This paper proposes an improved Ad hoc network routing protocol based on energy control. It introduces a low-energy balanced routing algorithm to reduce routing transmission energy consumption, balance network traffic, and improve the energy control performance of network routing protocols. The protocol uses a cross-layer design in this way, the route selection combines the information of the link the remaining energy. A joint function is formed by the transmit power level remaining energy. The joint function of all nodes on the path is used as the basis for route selection and applied to the route discovery stage. At the same time, the protocol introduces edge degree parameters in the establishment process, the idea of minimum energy consumption path and the introduction of energy consumption ratio parameters in the cluster skull backbone network generation process are adopted to realize the energy optimization of the path establishment process. At the same time, the protocol uses the message interaction mechanism in the path establishment process to implement a node security authentication scheme based on secret shared information without adding any routing communication messages, which effectively prevents the passive and active attacks of the attacker on the network. The results of simulation experiments prove that the secure routing protocol achieves the network’s balanced energy consumption while ensuring the secure communication of the network, and solves the energy problem.


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