The interconnection of new generating and storing devices to the power grid imposes the necessity of synchronizing, so the power flow can be manipulated and distributed. In the presence of an increasingly perturbed electric grid, many proposals of novel and modified synchronization techniques attained enough robustness to deal with known perturbations. However, such proposals exhibit drawbacks on their own, leaving open enhancement opportunities, mostly over their discrete implementation—e.g., sampling issues and not-considered inter/harmonics—and their inherent complexity—e.g., the need for frequency adaptability. In this work, three traditional synchronous reference frame (SRF) phase-locked loops (PLL) are modified to implement discrete filtering, such as the well-known proposals based on moving average filters (MAFs), to avoid the problems mentioned above, known for affecting the MAF’s performance. This proposal makes use of discrete, efficient units modularly assembled to yield a signal’s average, based on elliptic half-band filters. The proposed PLLs were tested and exhibited clear advantages—robustness against frequency disturbances—over MAF-based equivalents at standardized tests over a typical simulation environment, setting through this work an initial milestone for its verification and further incorporation in more complex synchronization topologies.
Unbalanced Power Flow in Distribution Systems With Embedded Transformers Using the Complex Theory in $\alpha \beta 0\;$ Stationary Reference Frame
