Energy Monitoring for Potential Cost Saving in a Typical South African Household

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Marais ◽  
Kanzumba Kusakana ◽  
Sandile Phillip Koko
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
South African ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Energy Monitoring

scholarly journals TRU Energy Monitoring for Potential Cost Saving in Electricity Bills for Cathodic Protection Units: South African Case

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Cyncol A. Sibiya ◽  
◽  
Kanzumba Kusakana ◽  
Bubele P. Numbi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
South African ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Energy Monitoring ◽  
Fixed Charges ◽  
Load Demand ◽  
Electricity Bill

Reducing the electricity bill in the industrial sector is an important problem worldwide. This study focuses on the awareness of industries to Cathodic Protec-tion (CP) energy conservation and on the potential of reducing electricity bills by a change of tariff or making use of renewable energy. Due to the frequent increase in energy cost at a significant rate, many indusial consumers are looking for ways to reduce the monthly electricity bill. The study aims to identify if it will be possible to use options such as renewable energy to supply CP systems, or if a change of tariff can help reduce the monthly bills. To achieve this, a real-time energy-monitoring device “Efergy E2” was installed in one of the Transformer Rectifier Units (TRU), the monitored TRU is located at Ndwedwe reservoir 2 in the areas of Durban. Among other benefits, the hourly load data analysis can provide the detailed characteristics of load demand, define the consumption patterns and can help to identify where the consumer could reduce the electricity bill. The results indicate that the load is almost constant throughout the day and changing to Time of Use (TOU) tariff does reduce the bills. However, the fixed charges amount to 11 times energy charges, hence the best way is to make use of renewable energy rather than changing a tariff.

Free drugs in clinical trials and their potential cost saving impact on the National Health Service: A retrospective cost analysis in Italy

Lung Cancer ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Grossi ◽  
Carlo Genova ◽  
Nidia Diaz Gaitan ◽  
Maria Giovanna Dal Bello ◽  
Erika Rijavec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
National Health Service ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
National Health ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Potential Cost

scholarly journals Maximum potential cost-savings attributable to generic substitution of antipsychotics 2008 to 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 356-363
Author(s):  
D. Husselmann ◽  
R. Joubert ◽  
J. R. Burger ◽  
M. S. Lubbe ◽  
M. Cockeran
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Generic Substitution ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background: Schizophrenia is a costly illness to treat, especially during a time of escalating medicine inflation costs, putting a large economic strain on patients, their families and the community. Treatment, however, can become more affordable through generic substitution.Objective: To determine the maximum potential cost-saving through generic substitution for both originator and more expensive generic items while observing the prescribing patterns of antipsychotics.Method: Antipsychotic medicine usage was analysed retrospectively during the study period 2008 to 2013 using data obtained from a nationally representative Pharmaceutical Benefit Management Company. The study population consisted of 4410 patients with ICD-10 codes (F20-F20.9) who had paid claims for an antipsychotic reimbursed from their prescribed minimum benefits. Active ingredients were identified using the MIMS classification system. Maximum potential cost savings were determined by substituting all originator and more expensive generic antipsychotic items with the cost of the least expensive generic antipsychotic item available.Results: Through generic substitution, a total potential cost-saving of ZAR4 642 685.45 could be possible from 2008 to 2013. Average cost per items increased from ZAR600.53 ± ZAR435.00 (median ZAR 539.82) in 2008 to ZAR1 196.59 ± ZAR 942.16 (median ZAR 940.72) in 2013 and had a significant effect on patients' contribution, which increased with 726.94% from 2005 to 2008. Psychiatrists prescribed the majority of antipsychotics. Although generic items claimed increased by 60.31% during the study period, psychiatrist still favoured non-generic prescribing (40.63%).Conclusions: Potential economic benefits can be generated with generic substitution.

Measuring Consumer Attitudes toward the Marketplace with Tailored Interviews

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva K. Balasubramanian ◽  
Wagner A. Kamakura
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Item Response ◽  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Standard Error Of Measurement ◽  
Error Of Measurement

The authors demonstrate how item response theory can be applied for cost effective measurement of consumer attitudes with multi-item scales. The measurement technique they discuss and illustrate is tailored to each respondent so that each is asked only the scale items most informative of his or her attitude level. This approach yields attitude estimates from only a fraction of the total number of items in the attitude scale, with a measurable and controllable increase in the standard error of measurement. Potential cost-saving implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Cost-savings accruable to removing value added tax from antiretrovirals in the South African private health sector

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Bangalee ◽  
Fatima Suleman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Potential Cost

Background: Despite the important and essential role that medicines play in any society, all medicines, including those identified as essential, are uniformly subjected to 14% value added tax (VAT), regardless of their therapeutic value in the private healthcare sector of South Africa. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the potential cost-saving attained from the removal of VAT from the private sector pricing of essential medicines, using antiretroviral treatment as an example.Methods: An empirical analysis was undertaken to illustrate the potential cost-saving achieved by removing VAT from the Single Exit Price and the dispensing fee of essential medicines. This outcome was demonstrated by applying the methodology to an adult fixed dose combination 1st line antiretroviral regimen as well as to a group of 3rd line antiretroviral medicines.Results: The potential saving for the lowest priced generic and originator 1st line antiviral regimen accrued to ZAR 693.84 and ZAR 1085.04 over a year respectively. Regarding the 3rd line antiretroviral drugs, results yielded an annual saving of ZAR 1678.68 (darunavir), ZAR5741.04 (maraviroc) and ZAR 159.48 (rilpivirine).Conclusions: Lobbying for the removal of VAT from the supply chain of medicines should be intensified. Policy development to monitor and recover lost government revenue through the removal of taxes should be explored.

scholarly journals Reuse of balloon catheters for coronary angioplasty: A potential cost-saving strategy?

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1475-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Plante ◽  
Bradley H. Strauss ◽  
Gilles Goulet ◽  
Randal K. Watson ◽  
Robert J. Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Coronary Angioplasty ◽  
Potential Cost Saving ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Balloon Catheters
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