cost saving
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2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthäus Lottes ◽  
Viviane Bremer ◽  
Christof Prugger ◽  
Christian Kollan ◽  
Daniel Schmidt

Abstract Background Recent patent losses for antiretroviral drugs (ARV) have led to the debate of cost-saving through the replacement of patented drugs with generic drugs. The split of recommended single-tablet regimens (STR) into their single substance partners is one of the considerations mentioned in said debate. Particularly, generic tenofovir disoproxil/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) is expected to hold untapped cost-saving potential, which may curb increasing overall expenditures for combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) within the statutory health insurance (SHI) of Germany. Methods Data of ARV reimbursed by the SHI were used to describe the trends of defined daily doses (DDD) as well as the revenue within the German ARV market. They were also used to determine the cost-savings of moving to generic drugs. The time period observed was between January 2017 and June 2019. The potential cost-savings were determined with following assumption in mind: the maximum possible use of generic ARV, including 1) the split of STR and replacing all substance partners with generic ones, and 2) replacing patented tenofovir alafenamide/emtricitabine (TAF/FTC) with generic TDF/FTC. Results Throughout the observation period, the DDD of generic ARV increased nearly five-fold while their revenue increased more than four-fold. Total cost-saving showed a sharp increase over the same period, with generic TDF/FTC accounting for a share of around 70%. The largest potential cost-saving could have been achieved through replacing patented TAF/FTC with generic TDF/FTC, peaking at nearly 10% of total revenue, but showing decreasing trends in general. Conclusion The progressive distribution of generic ARV ensured increasing cost-savings, but consequently curbed the potential cost-savings. Unique price reductions of generic TDF/FTC have played a pivotal role for these effects. In any case, substituting with generic ARV should not fail to adhere to the treatment guidelines and continue to consider the medical requirements for the treatment.


2022 ◽  
pp. 267-285
Author(s):  
Beatriz Olalla-Caballero ◽  
Montserrat Mata

Globalization and economy features in this new world economic order due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic crisis involve taking into account new ideas and proposals to keep the market share and to fight against competition. It is very important to consider and evaluate the business model of a company to drive all the objectives and the strategy towards the aimed position in the market to assure the market share in the future. Evaluation and analysis of a business model, together with new proposals regarding it may help a company to achieve all the objectives and to increase its competitiveness in the market.


2022 ◽  
pp. 251-272
Author(s):  
Shashi ◽  
Rajwinder Singh ◽  
Piera Centobelli ◽  
Roberto Cerchione

In this COVID-19 pandemic, the production, distribution, and demand fulfillment of perishable food products emerged as a foremost challenge for the supply chain due to the unavailability of timely and accurate information sharing. This study aims to test the relationships between the different types of information sharing, cost-saving performance, and supply chain relationships. In doing so, a survey study was carried out involving food supply chain practitioners, and proposed research claims were tested using a structural equation modeling approach. The results confirmed the positive impact of day-to-day information and periodic information on cost-saving performance and supply chain relationships. However, the impact of day-to-day information was significantly higher on cost-saving performance and supply chain relationships than the impact of periodic information. The study findings may support supply chain practitioners in understanding the different types of information that need to be shared in networks and their related impact on the overall profitability of the supply chain.


2022 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-255
Author(s):  
Thi Hong Tham Nguyen ◽  
Viet Duc Le ◽  
Sy Thinh Ngo ◽  
Thi Hong Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Chau Phan ◽  
...  

This work presents a predominant cost-saving process for the industrial scale synthesis of memantine hydrochloride (1) from 1,3-dimethyladamantane (2) by a two-step method in which both steps were carried out in one-pot. The conversion of 2 to N-(3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-yl)acetylamide (3) was synthesized first in mixture of sulfuric acid 96-98% and nitric acid 64-65% at 25 ºC for 2.5 h and then in acetonitrile at 40 ºC for 3.5 h as a key step. The yield of this process reached to 98%. Next, the deacetylation of 3 with potasium hydroxide in mixture of water-ethylene glycol at 140 ºC for 15 h to get memantine base which was then converted into memantine hydrochloride (1) by aq. HCl 14% (yield of 93%). Overall yield of this synthetic route was 91.65%. The advantages of this process is saving time, solvents, reagents and giving a higher yield as compared to reported procedures.


Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Francesc López ◽  
Martí Català ◽  
Clara Prats ◽  
Oriol Estrada ◽  
Irene Oliva ◽  
...  

(1) Background: In epidemiological terms, it has been possible to calculate the savings in health resources and the reduction in the health effects of COVID vaccines. Conducting an economic evaluation, some studies have estimated its cost-effectiveness; the vaccination shows highly favorable results, cost-saving in some cases. (2) Methods: Cost–benefit analysis of the vaccination campaign in the North Metropolitan Health Region (Catalonia). An epidemiological model based on observational data and before and after comparison is used. The information on the doses used and the assigned resources (conventional hospital beds, ICU, number of tests) was extracted from administrative data from the largest primary care provider in the region (Catalan Institute of Health). A distinction was made between the social perspective and the health system. (3) Results: the costs of vaccination are estimated at 137 million euros (€48.05/dose administered). This figure is significantly lower than the positive impacts of the vaccination campaign, which are estimated at 470 million euros (€164/dose administered). Of these, 18% corresponds to the reduction in ICU discharges, 16% to the reduction in conventional hospital discharges, 5% to the reduction in PCR tests and 1% to the reduction in RAT tests. The monetization of deaths and cases that avoid sequelae account for 53% and 5% of total savings, respectively. The benefit/cost ratio is estimated at 3.4 from a social perspective and 1.4 from a health system perspective. The social benefits of vaccination are estimated at €116.67 per vaccine dose (€19.93 from the perspective of the health system). (4) Conclusions: The mass vaccination campaign against COVID is cost-saving. From a social perspective, most of these savings come from the monetization of the reduction in mortality and cases with sequelae, although the intervention is equally widely cost-effective from the health system perspective thanks to the reduction in the use of resources. It is concluded that, from an economic perspective, the vaccination campaign has high social returns.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mridul Chowdhury Konok

The Paper was presented in the International Conference on Inclusive Education, Dhaka, in 2013. The Researcher outlined the blue print of an Inclusive School that is accessible to all students regardless of their physical barriers. The school design was contemplated by the Researcher in the context of a developing country, which indicates that it is possible to build this school with all the described facilities with a small budget. Thus, making the school a cost saving one.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergal P Mills ◽  
Gilmar Reis ◽  
Kristian Thorlund ◽  
Jamie I Forrest ◽  
Christina M Guo ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Background Three randomized trials have been conducted indicating a clinical benefit of early treatment with fluvoxamine versus placebo for adults with symptomatic COVID-19. We assessed the cost-consequences associated with the use of this early treatment in outpatient populations. Methods Using results from the three completed trials of fluvoxamine vs. placebo for the treatment of COVID-19, we performed a meta-analysis. We conducted a cost-consequence analysis using a decision-model to assess the health system benefits of the avoidance of progression to severe COVID-19. Outcomes of relevance to resource planning decisions in the US and elsewhere, including costs and days of hospitalization avoided, were reported. We constructed a decision-analytic model in the form of a decision tree to evaluate two treatment strategies for high-risk patients with confirmed, symptomatic COVID-19, from the perspective of a third-party payer: (1) treatment with a 10-day course of fluvoxamine (100mg twice daily); (2) current standard-of-care; (3) molnupiravir 5-day course. We used a time horizon of 28 days. Results Administration of fluvoxamine to symptomatic outpatients with COVID-19 at high-risk of developing progression to severe COVID-19 complications is substantially cost-saving in the US, in the amount of $232 per eligible patient, and saves an average of 0.15 hospital days per patient treated is likely to be similarly beneficial in other settings. Fluvoxamine is cost saving in locations where total hospital costs are >$738. Molnupiravir had an additional cost to the healthcare system of $404 per patient treated. Conclusions Fluvoxamine is cost-saving for COVID-19 outpatient therapy.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
José L. Ruiz-Alba ◽  
Mohamad Abou-Foul ◽  
Alireza Nazarian ◽  
Pantea Foroudi

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate how customer satisfaction can be achieved in the context of digital platform services, its influence on electronic word of mouth (eWOM) and how such relationships can be moderated by perceived technological innovativeness (PTI).Design/methodology/approachThe research framework was developed and empirically tested using an online survey and analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). Data were gathered from 501 Uber customers in London, UK.FindingsThe study recognises and confirms that trust and cost saving enhanced customer satisfaction in Uber mobility services, which has a positive impact on eWOM. There are other findings regarding users who share rides vs those who do not share. Furthermore, it has been found that PTI moderates the relationship between customer satisfaction and eWOM.Originality/valueThe research draws on collaborative consumption literature and contributes to the antecedents of customer satisfaction in digital economy literature: trust, environmental impact, cost saving and utility. The study offers an empirical validation of the role of PTI in enhancing eWOM. The paper breaks new ground for a better understanding of how PTI can moderate the influence of customer satisfaction and eWOM in digital platforms.


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