scholarly journals Structural Bootstrapping—A Novel, Generative Mechanism for Faster and More Efficient Acquisition of Action-Knowledge

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentin Worgotter ◽  
Chris Geib ◽  
Minija Tamosiunaite ◽  
Eren Erdal Aksoy ◽  
Justus Piater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Knowledge ◽  
Generative Mechanism

scholarly journals People accurately predict the transition probabilities between actions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. eabd4995
Author(s):  
Mark A. Thornton ◽  
Diana I. Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Action Knowledge

Social life is a complex dance. To coordinate gracefully with one’s partners, one must predict their actions. Here, we investigated how people predict others’ actions. We hypothesized that people can accurately predict others’ future actions based on knowledge of their current actions, coupled with knowledge of action transitions. To test whether people have accurate knowledge of the transition probabilities between actions, we compared actual rates of action transitions—calculated from four large naturalistic datasets—to participants’ ratings of the transition probabilities between corresponding sets of actions. In five preregistered studies, participants demonstrated accurate mental models of action transitions. Furthermore, we found that people drew upon conceptual knowledge of actions—described by the six-dimensional ACT-FASTaxonomy—to guide their accurate predictions. Together, these results indicate that people can accurately anticipate other people’s moves in the dance of social life and that the structure of action knowledge may be tailored to making these predictions.

scholarly journals Impaired action knowledge in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Neurology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 1396-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grossman ◽  
C. Anderson ◽  
A. Khan ◽  
B. Avants ◽  
L. Elman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Action Knowledge ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Conceptual apraxia and semantic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Two sides of the same coin?

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE DUMONT ◽  
BERNADETTE SKA ◽  
YVES JOANETTE
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Semantic Matching ◽  
Language Deficit ◽  
Sequential Organization ◽  
Action Knowledge ◽  
Actual Use

This study was designed to examine the patterns of apraxic disturbances and the relationships between action knowledge and other measures of semantic knowledge about objects in 10 well-characterized Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Five tasks were used to assess components of action knowledge (action–tool relationships, pantomime recognition, and sequential organization of action) and praxis execution (actual use, pantomiming) according to the cognitive model of praxis. Three tasks (verbal comprehension, naming, and a visual semantic matching task) were used to assess verbal–visual semantics. Considering patterns of apraxia first, conceptual apraxia was found in 9 out of the 10 AD patients, suggesting that it is a common feature even in the early stages of AD. Second, we found partly parallel deficits in tests of action-semantic and verbal–visual semantic knowledge in 9 AD patients. Impaired action knowledge was found only in patients with a semantic language deficit. These findings provide no evidence that “action semantics” may be separated from other semantic information. Our results support the view of a unitary semantic system, given that the representations of action-semantic and other semantic knowledge of objects are often simultaneously disrupted in AD. (JINS, 2000, 6, 693–703.)

Rethinking Proxy War Theory in IR: A Critical Analysis of Principal–Agent Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Farasoo
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Principal Agent Theory ◽  
Agent Theory ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
Generative Mechanism ◽  
Generative Mechanisms ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Domestic Level

Abstract This paper explores the question of what drives proxy alignment in war and argues that current proxy war scholarship needs further thinking to go beyond focusing on the principal–agent theory and individual actors’ motivation analysis. Rather, there is a need to look at the generative mechanisms of proxy alignment as a process that constitutes patterns of friend–enemy relations. The paper argues securitization patterns from domestic to regional and international levels drive actors to re-evaluate their positions and define their enemies and friends. This is a process of securitization alignment and confluence, which serves as a generative mechanism for proxy alignment in a conflict. Securitization alignment is based on a convergence of securitizations by different actors that create a friend–enemy dynamic and convergence of security interests between actors. The confluence of securitizations from the domestic level to regional and beyond also connects actors across different levels to be in alignment and impact the conflict.

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