scholarly journals People accurately predict the transition probabilities between actions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. eabd4995
Author(s):  
Mark A. Thornton ◽  
Diana I. Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Action Knowledge

Social life is a complex dance. To coordinate gracefully with one’s partners, one must predict their actions. Here, we investigated how people predict others’ actions. We hypothesized that people can accurately predict others’ future actions based on knowledge of their current actions, coupled with knowledge of action transitions. To test whether people have accurate knowledge of the transition probabilities between actions, we compared actual rates of action transitions—calculated from four large naturalistic datasets—to participants’ ratings of the transition probabilities between corresponding sets of actions. In five preregistered studies, participants demonstrated accurate mental models of action transitions. Furthermore, we found that people drew upon conceptual knowledge of actions—described by the six-dimensional ACT-FASTaxonomy—to guide their accurate predictions. Together, these results indicate that people can accurately anticipate other people’s moves in the dance of social life and that the structure of action knowledge may be tailored to making these predictions.

scholarly journals People accurately predict the transition probabilities between actions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Allen Thornton ◽  
Diana Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Current Action ◽  
Action Knowledge

Social interactions require people to read and anticipate others’ future actions. Here we investigate how people predict others’ future actions, based solely on knowledge of their current action. We first measured the actual transition probabilities between actions in five naturalistic datasets, including movie scripts, day-recall surveys, task instructions, and annotated videos. We then tested whether participants could accurately judge the transition probabilities between actions in five respective preregistered studies. In all studies, participants accurately predicted the transition probabilities between actions. These predictions drew upon conceptual knowledge of actions – described by the six-dimensional ACT-FASTaxonomy. Together these results indicate that people can accurately anticipate others’ moves in the dance of social life, and that the structure of action knowledge may be tailored to making these accurate predictions.

scholarly journals Discovering the mechanisms of abstraction in the performance of work teams in children to solve computational problems

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (36) ◽  
pp. 69-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Fabián Zúñiga Muñoz ◽  
Julio Ariel Hurtado Alegría ◽  
Patricia Paderewsky Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Work Teams ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Shared Mental Models ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Training Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Training

The development of skills that allow children to perform satisfactorily in their training process and, later, in their work or social life, has become an objective for all educational and training models developed. This article deals with the relationship between thinking development skills, shared mental models and abstraction mechanisms, from a theoretical review and application with children aged between eight and twelve, from the Childprogramming methodology in a public education institution in Colombia. The results recorded at the end of the practices with this group of students, especially when assessing the progressive use of abstraction mechanisms in the Scratch environment, are presented, using the Dr. Scratch platform. 

Adolescents' Cognition of Projectile Motion: A Pilot Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-361
Author(s):  
Jun-Yan Zhao ◽  
Guoliang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Projectile Motion ◽  
Swing Angle ◽  
Action Knowledge ◽  
Conceptual Difficulties

Previous work on the development of intuitive knowledge about projectile motion has shown a dissociation between action knowledge expressed on an action task and conceptual knowledge expressed on a judgment task for young children. The research investigated the generality of dissociation for adolescents. On the action task, participants were asked to swing Ball A of a bifilar pendulum to some height then release it to collide with Ball B, which was projected to hit a target. On the judgment task, participants indicated orally the desired swing angle at which Ball A should be released so that Ball B would strike a target. Unlike previous findings with adults, the adolescents showed conceptual difficulties on the judgment task and well-developed action knowledge on the action task, which suggests dissociation between the two knowledge systems is also present among adolescents. The result further supports the hypothesis that the two knowledge systems follow different developmental trajectories and at different speeds.

Functional Interactions during the Retrieval of Conceptual Action Knowledge: An fMRI Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1004-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Assmus ◽  
Carsten Giessing ◽  
Peter H. Weiss ◽  
Gereon R. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Action Knowledge ◽  
The Right ◽  
Left Middle

Impaired retrieval of conceptual knowledge for actions has been associated with lesions of left premotor, left parietal, and left middle temporal areas [Tranel, D., Kemmerer, D., Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. Neural correlates of conceptual knowledge for actions. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 409–432, 2003]. Here we aimed at characterizing the differential contribution of these areas to the retrieval of conceptual knowledge about actions. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), different categories of pictograms (whole-body actions, manipulable and nonmanipulable objects) were presented to healthy subjects. fMRI data were analyzed using SPM2. A conjunction analysis of the neural activations elicited by all pictograms revealed ( p < .05, corrected) a bilateral inferior occipito-temporal neural network with strong activations in the right and left fusiform gyri. Action pictograms contrasted to object pictograms showed differential activation of area MT+, the inferior and superior parietal cortex, and the premotor cortex bilaterally. An analysis of psychophysiological interactions identified contribution-dependent changes in the neural responses when pictograms triggered the retrieval of conceptual action knowledge: Processing of action pictograms specifically enhanced the neural interaction between the right and left fusiform gyri, the right and left middle temporal cortices (MT+), and the left superior and inferior parietal cortex. These results complement and extend previous neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies by showing that knowledge about action concepts results from an increased coupling between areas concerned with semantic processing (fusiform gyrus), movement perception (MT+), and temporospatial movement control (left parietal cortex).

Computer programs for the calculation of x-ray intensities emitted by elements in multi-layer structures

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
G.F. Bastin ◽  
H.J.M. Heijligers ◽  
J.M. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Software Package ◽  
Light Element ◽  
Matrix Correction ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Know How ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Layer Structures ◽  
Bulk Matrix

For the calculation of X-ray intensities emitted by elements present in multi-layer systems it is vital to have an accurate knowledge of the x-ray ionization vs. mass-depth (ϕ(ρz)) curves as a function of accelerating voltage and atomic number of films and substrate. Once this knowledge is available the way is open to the analysis of thin films in which both the thicknesses as well as the compositions can usually be determined simultaneously.Our bulk matrix correction “PROZA” with its proven excellent performance for a wide variety of applications (e.g., ultra-light element analysis, extremes in accelerating voltage) has been used as the basis for the development of the software package discussed here. The PROZA program is based on our own modifications of the surface-centred Gaussian ϕ(ρz) model, originally introduced by Packwood and Brown. For its extension towards thin film applications it is required to know how the 4 Gaussian parameters α, β, γ and ϕ(o) for each element in each of the films are affected by the film thickness and the presence of other layers and the substrate.

Application of cross correlation to HREM images of surfaces

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 754-755
Author(s):  
D. E. Luzzi ◽  
L. D. Marks ◽  
M. I. Buckett
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
Fourier Filtering ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Data Reduction Technique

As the HREM becomes increasingly used for the study of dynamic localized phenomena, the development of techniques to recover the desired information from a real image is important. Often, the important features are not strongly scattering in comparison to the matrix material in addition to being masked by statistical and amorphous noise. The desired information will usually involve the accurate knowledge of the position and intensity of the contrast. In order to decipher the desired information from a complex image, cross-correlation (xcf) techniques can be utilized. Unlike other image processing methods which rely on data massaging (e.g. high/low pass filtering or Fourier filtering), the cross-correlation method is a rigorous data reduction technique with no a priori assumptions.We have examined basic cross-correlation procedures using images of discrete gaussian peaks and have developed an iterative procedure to greatly enhance the capabilities of these techniques when the contrast from the peaks overlap.

EELS white line intensities calculated for the 3d and 4d metals

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
C. C. Ahn ◽  
D. H. Pearson ◽  
P. Rez ◽  
B. Fultz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Line Intensity ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
White Line ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Integrated Intensity ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
The Continuum

Previous experimental measurements of the total white line intensities from L2,3 energy loss spectra of 3d transition metals reported a linear dependence of the white line intensity on 3d occupancy. These results are inconsistent, however, with behavior inferred from relativistic one electron Dirac-Fock calculations, which show an initial increase followed by a decrease of total white line intensity across the 3d series. This inconsistency with experimental data is especially puzzling in light of work by Thole, et al., which successfully calculates x-ray absorption spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines by employing a less rigorous Hartree-Fock calculation with relativistic corrections based on the work of Cowan. When restricted to transitions allowed by dipole selection rules, the calculated spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines show a decreasing intensity as a function of Z that was consistent with the available experimental data.Here we report the results of Dirac-Fock calculations of the L2,3 white lines of the 3d and 4d elements, and compare the results to the experimental work of Pearson et al. In a previous study, similar calculations helped to account for the non-statistical behavior of L3/L2 ratios of the 3d metals. We assumed that all metals had a single 4s electron. Because these calculations provide absolute transition probabilities, to compare the calculated white line intensities to the experimental data, we normalized the calculated intensities to the intensity of the continuum above the L3 edges. The continuum intensity was obtained by Hartree-Slater calculations, and the normalization factor for the white line intensities was the integrated intensity in an energy window of fixed width and position above the L3 edge of each element.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document