This chapter examines how the Member States have addressed most of the key issues and controversies arising from the transposition of the Antitrust Damages Directive within their respective legal systems. It first considers the substantive grounds and conditions for liability, highlighting several legal debates that are likely to arise in the context of liability, such as those relating to fault, the characterization of the type of liability in question and the consequences thereof, and the liability of the parent company. It then discusses joint liability, particularly the liability of immunity recipients and of small to medium-size enterprises, and issues concerning access to evidence, specialized courts that would hear antitrust damages actions, limitation periods, the binding force of public enforcement decisions, the right to full compensation, quantification of harm, passing-on, consensual dispute resolution (settlements and alternative dispute resolution), and collective redress.
Cloning and characterization of the rat apobec-1 gene: a comparative analysis of gene structure and promoter usage in rat and mouse
