On the design strategies of diffusion layers and key schedule in lightweight block ciphers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meltem Kurt Pehlivanoglu ◽  
Sedat Akleylek ◽  
M. Tolga Sakalli ◽  
Nevcihan Duru
Keyword(s):  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Key Schedule ◽  
Diffusion Layers

scholarly journals Lightweight and Side-channel Secure 4 × 4 S-Boxes from Cellular Automata Rules

2018 ◽  
pp. 311-334
Author(s):  
Ashrujit Ghoshal ◽  
Rajat Sadhukhan ◽  
Sikhar Patranabis ◽  
Nilanjan Datta ◽  
Stjepan Picek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Side Channel ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Cryptographic Primitives ◽  
Linear Diffusion ◽  
Low Area ◽  
Diffusion Layers

This work focuses on side-channel resilient design strategies for symmetrickey cryptographic primitives targeting lightweight applications. In light of NIST’s lightweight cryptography project, design choices for block ciphers must consider not only security against traditional cryptanalysis, but also side-channel security, while adhering to low area and power requirements. In this paper, we explore design strategies for substitution-permutation network (SPN)-based block ciphers that make them amenable to low-cost threshold implementations (TI) - a provably secure strategy against side-channel attacks. The core building blocks for our strategy are cryptographically optimal 4×4 S-Boxes, implemented via repeated iterations of simple cellular automata (CA) rules. We present highly optimized TI circuits for such S-Boxes, that consume nearly 40% less area and power as compared to popular lightweight S-Boxes such as PRESENT and GIFT. We validate our claims via implementation results on ASIC using 180nm technology. We also present a comparison of TI circuits for two popular lightweight linear diffusion layer choices - bit permutations and MixColumns using almost-maximum-distance-separable (almost-MDS) matrices. We finally illustrate design paradigms that combine the aforementioned TI circuits for S-Boxes and diffusion layers to obtain fully side-channel secure SPN block cipher implementations with low area and power requirements.

scholarly journals The New Approach of AES Key Schedule for Lightweight Block Ciphers

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meltem Kurt Pehlivanoğlu ◽  
M. Tolga Sakalli ◽  
Nevcihan Duru ◽  
Fatma Büyüksaraçoğlu Sakalli
Keyword(s):  
Block Ciphers ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Key Schedule

scholarly journals Linear Cryptanalysis: Key Schedules and Tweakable Block Ciphers

2017 ◽  
pp. 474-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Kranz ◽  
Gregor Leander ◽  
Friedrich Wiemer
Keyword(s):  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Linear Cryptanalysis ◽  
Linear Hull ◽  
Key Schedule ◽  
Schedule Design ◽  
Key Scheduling

This paper serves as a systematization of knowledge of linear cryptanalysis and provides novel insights in the areas of key schedule design and tweakable block ciphers. We examine in a step by step manner the linear hull theorem in a general and consistent setting. Based on this, we study the influence of the choice of the key scheduling on linear cryptanalysis, a – notoriously difficult – but important subject. Moreover, we investigate how tweakable block ciphers can be analyzed with respect to linear cryptanalysis, a topic that surprisingly has not been scrutinized until now.

scholarly journals A Novel Differential Fault Analysis on the Key Schedule of SIMON Family

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinbao Zhang ◽  
Ning Wu ◽  
Fang Zhou ◽  
Muhammad Yahya ◽  
Jianhua Li
Keyword(s):  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Fault Model ◽  
Fault Analysis ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Key Schedule ◽  
Differential Fault Analysis ◽  
Detailed Simulation ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
Propagation Properties ◽  
Fourth Round

As a family of lightweight block ciphers, SIMON has attracted lots of research attention since its publication in 2013. Recent works show that SIMON is vulnerable to differential fault analysis (DFA) and existing DFAs on SIMON assume the location of induced faults are on the cipher states. In this paper, a novel DFA on SIMON is proposed where the key schedule is selected as the location of induced faults. Firstly, we assume a random one-bit fault is induced in the fourth round key KT−4 to the last. Then, by utilizing the key schedule propagation properties of SIMON, we determine the exact position of induced fault and demonstrate that the proposed DFA can retrieve 4 bits of the last round key KT−1 on average using one-bit fault. Till now this is the largest number of bits that can be cracked as compared to DFAs based on random bit fault model. Furthermore, by reusing the induced fault, we prove that 2 bits of the penultimate round key KT−2 could be retrieved. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed attack is the first one which extracts a key from SIMON based upon DFA on the key schedule. Finally, correctness and validity of our proposed attack is verified through detailed simulation and analysis.

scholarly journals Secure and Efficient Diffusion Layers for Block Ciphers

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Manoj KUMAR ◽  
Pratibha YADAV ◽  
Saibal PAL ◽  
Anupama PANIGRAHI
Keyword(s):  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Diffusion Layers ◽  
Efficient Diffusion

scholarly journals Cryptographic Strength Evaluation of Key Schedule Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Shazia Afzal ◽  
Muhammad Yousaf ◽  
Humaira Afzal ◽  
Nawaf Alharbe ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq Mufti
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Schedule Algorithm ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Strength Evaluation ◽  
Key Schedule ◽  
Encryption Algorithms

Key schedule algorithms play an important role in modern encryption algorithms, and their security is as crucial as the security of the encryption algorithms themselves. Many studies have been performed on the cryptographic strength evaluation of the encryption algorithms; however, strength evaluation of the key schedule algorithms often obtains less attention that can lead towards the possible loophole in the overall encryption process. In this paper, a criterion is proposed to evaluate the cryptographic strength of the key schedule algorithms. This criterion includes different methods of data generation from subkeys and a suitable set of statistical tests. The statistical tests are used to explore the cryptographic properties such as diffusion, confusion, independence, and randomness in the subkeys generated by the key schedule algorithm. The proposed criterion has been applied to some of the key schedule algorithms of different block ciphers. The results confirm that the proposed criterion can effectively differentiate between strong- and weak-key schedule algorithms.

scholarly journals Fast implementations of ARX-based lightweight block ciphers (SPARX, CHAM) on 32-bit processor

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 155014771987418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoungjin Seok ◽  
Changhoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Execution Time ◽  
Block Cipher ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Memory Usage ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Word Size ◽  
Key Schedule ◽  
Round Function ◽  
Fast Implementation ◽  
Implementation Method

Recently, many lightweight block ciphers are proposed, such as PRESENT, SIMON, SPECK, Simeck, SPARX, GIFT, and CHAM. Most of these ciphers are designed with Addition–Rotation–Xor (ARX)-based structure for the resource-constrained environment because ARX operations can be implemented efficiently, especially in software. However, if the word size of a block cipher is smaller than the register size of the target device, it may process inefficiently in the aspect of memory usage. In this article, we present a fast implementation method for ARX-based block ciphers, named two-way operation. Moreover, also we applied SPARX-64/128 and CHAM-64/128 and estimated the performance in terms of execution time (cycles per byte) on a 32-bit Advanced RISC Machines processor. As a result, we achieved a large amount of improvement in execution time. The cycles of round function and key schedule are reduced by 53.31% and 31.51% for SPARX-64/128 and 41.22% and 19.40% for CHAM-64/128.

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