Topography in tropical forests enhances growth and survival differences within and among species via water availability and biotic interactions

Light is a key environmental factor limiting growth and survival of trees in the subcanopy of wet tropical forests (Davies 2001, Thomas 1996). Light availability varies both vertically and horizontally and affects tree height, crown shape and tree architecture (Bongers & Sterck 1998, Sterck & Bongers 2001, Sterck et al. 1999) in addition to growth and survival (Clark & Clark 1992, 2001). Although many studies of tree seedlings and saplings have shown that growth varies significantly with light availability in tropical wet forests (Clark et al. 1993, Iriarte & Chazdon 2005, King 1991, Kohyama 1991, Montgomery & Chazdon 2002, Oberbauer et al. 1988, 1993; Poorter & Werger 1999, Sterck et al. 1999, Welden et al. 1991), few studies have examined these relationships in size classes above 5 cm dbh (Sterck 1999). King et al. (2005) found that annual increment growth of trees in the 8–20-cm dbh size class in two Asian forests was positively dependent on an index of crown light interception, but no direct measurements of light availability were taken in this study. Due to logistical challenges, few direct measurements of light environments above tree crowns have been made in tropical forests (Sterck & Bongers 2001). To our knowledge, no measurements have been made in second-growth forests.

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Analyses of OJIP transients in leaves of two epiphytic orchids under drought stress

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

10.1590/2447-536x.v27i4.2334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 556-565

Author(s):

Jadson Bonini Zampirollo ◽

Clodoaldo Leites Pinheiro ◽

Vinícius Fonseca dos Santos ◽

Priscila Conceição Souza Braga ◽

João Paulo Rodrigues Martins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Photosystem I ◽

Electron Acceptor ◽

Water Availability ◽

Redox Reactions ◽

Photochemical Activity ◽

Kinetic Properties ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Epiphytic Orchids ◽

Relative Water

Abstract The tolerance to low water availability is a decisive factor for growth and survival of orchids in their natural environment. The objective of this study was to characterize the photochemical traits of two epiphytic orchids (Cattleya warneri and Miltonia spectabilis) under water deficit (WD). Chlorophyll a fluorescence signals were recorded from young and fully expanded leaves of 5 plants/species after dark-adaption for 60 minutes, between 6-9 a.m. after 0, 30, 60, and 90 days of WD, using a Handy-PEA fluorometer (Hansatech, UK). Increases of O-J and J-I phases and L and K-bands and decreases of I-P phase were observed after 30 days of WD, especially in C. warneri. Decreases in the capacity to photochemically reduce quinone A (QA) and the kinetic properties required for redox reactions of the plastoquinone pool, the loss of energetic connectivity between units of PSII, inactivation of the oxygen evolution complex, and decrease of the overall rate of reducing the electron acceptor pool of photosystem I were observed in M. spectabilis, a more tolerant species. The greater ability of this species to maintain higher relative water content (RWC) in photosynthetic tissues allows greater photochemical activity.

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Origin of Multiple Trunks Affects Crapemyrtle Posttransplant Establishment

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.13.1.0120 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 120-127

Author(s):

Michael A. Arnold

Keyword(s):

Substrate Surface ◽

Adventitious Shoots ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Nursery Production ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Bare Root ◽

Survival Differences ◽

Marketable Size ◽

Plastic Containers

Bare-root 17.5-inch-tall (44.45-cm) `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) liners were grown in #3 [2.75-gal (10.4-L)] black plastic containers and trained to one, three, or five trunks by one of two methods. Half of the plants were established from multiple liners with each trained to form one of the trunks. The others were established by planting a single liner in each container, pruning them back to within 2 inches (5.1 cm) from the substrate surface, and then training elongating buds or adventitious shoots to the desired number of trunks. Once plants reached a marketable size they were transplanted to a landscape for two growing seasons to determine the effects of the treatments on trunk survival or growth uniformity in the landscape. The study was replicated in time with containerized `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle liners, but only grown in the field for 1 year. Growth and quality differences were minimal at the end of nursery production for either clone, thus favoring recommendation of whichever treatment would be most economical to produce the desired growth form. However, in the landscape phase, survival of `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle and growth and uniformity of `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle were greater for several growth measures when multiple trunks were produced by training stems of the same plant as opposed to planting multiple liners. Trunk survival was generally good for three or fewer trunks, but significant losses often occurred when the planting units had five trunks, especially when grown from multiple liners. Growth and survival differences among treatments were more pronounced with increasing trunk number and the longer the planting units were in the field (landscape).

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The effect of ecological disturbance on competition between Crinipellis perniciosa and other tropical fungi

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0269727000007259 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 94 ◽

pp. 159-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth Bravo-Velasquez ◽

John Hedger

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Potential ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Water Availability ◽

Tropical Fungi ◽

Soil Horizons ◽

Ecological Disturbance ◽

Crinipellis Perniciosa ◽

Water Potentials

SynopsisIsolates of the tropical fungus Crinipellis perniciosa obtained from cocoa and lianas in Ecuador were grown on media ranging from −0.45 MPa to −9.0 MPa water potential and their responses compared to those of other agarics and Xylaria species isolated from cocoa. Antagonism between mycelia of C. perniciosa and these isolates was also assessed over the same range of water potentials. It is hypothesised that C. perniciosa and other canopy inhabiting fungi of tropical forests are adapted to water stress, but are not competitive with fungi which colonise later, following litterfall, from lower litter and soil horizons, where water availability is higher. Xylaria spp. proved to be aggressive antagonists of C. perniciosa over a range of water potentials.

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Modeling water availability for trees in tropical forests

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology ◽

10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.012 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 151 (9) ◽

pp. 1202-1213 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Fabien Wagner ◽

Bruno Hérault ◽

Clément Stahl ◽

Damien Bonal ◽

Vivien Rossi

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forests ◽

Water Availability

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Soil compaction and water availability affect growth and survival of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota seedlings under different light environments

New Forests ◽

10.1007/s11056-016-9534-8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 621-633 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Juan Manuel Mancilla-Leytón ◽

María José Leiva ◽

Ángel Martín Vicente

Keyword(s):

Water Availability ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Quercus Ilex ◽

Growth And Survival

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Growth rates of black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) and spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) from two different Amazonian flooded habitats

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/15685381-00002896 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 437-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ronis Da Silveira ◽

Zilca Campos ◽

John Thorbjarnarson ◽

William E. Magnusson

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Biotic Interactions ◽

Alligator Mississippiensis ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Density Dependent ◽

Demographic Models ◽

Caiman Crocodilus ◽

Dependent Growth ◽

Rates Of Growth ◽

Dependent Processes

Rates of growth and survival in wild populations are affected by the physical environment, biotic interactions, and density-dependent processes, such as growth and fecundity. However, the relative importance of these factors in long-lived reptiles is poorly understood. We analyzed growth rates of Melanosuchus niger and Caiman crocodilus coexisting in two areas of the Brazilian Amazon with very different environmental characteristics. Growth rates of Caiman crocodilus at the two sites were similar, but M. niger grew more slowly in the area with higher productivity and higher density of caimans. Growth rates of the same species from other sites and of the temperate-zone Alligator mississippiensis indicate large differences among sites, but little evidence that these differences are primarily due to differences in productivity or temperature. Demographic models used to estimate sustained yields from caiman harvests should take into account the likely importance of density-dependent growth.

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Consistency of demographic trade-offs across tropical forests

10.22541/au.163253541.10680169/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephan Kambach ◽

Richard Condit ◽

Salomón Aguilar ◽

Helge Bruelheide ◽

Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forest ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Large Scale ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Trade Off ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Tree Communities ◽

Demographic Processes ◽

Tropical Forest Dynamics

All species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among trees, evolution has resulted in different strategies of partitioning resources to these key demographic processes, i.e. demographic trade-offs. It is unclear whether the same demographic trade-offs structure tropical forests worldwide. Here, we used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest plots to estimate the principal trade-offs in growth, survival, recruitment, and tree stature at each site. For ten sites, two trade-offs appeared repeatedly. One trade-off showed a negative relationship between growth and survival, i.e. the well-known fast−slow continuum. The second trade-off distinguished between tall-statured species and species with high recruitment rates, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. Thus, the fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring most tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and strategies across forest types in three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

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Growth and Survival Differences of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains during Cold Storage

Journal of Food Science ◽

10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01227.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. M314-M318 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

V.E. Burnham ◽

M.E. Janes ◽

L.A. Jakus ◽

J. Supan ◽

A. DePaola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Vibrio Vulnificus ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Survival Differences

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The growth−survival and stature−recruitment trade-offs structure the majority of tropical forests.

10.22541/au.163253541.10680169/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephan Kambach ◽

Richard Condit ◽

Salomón Aguilar ◽

Helge Bruelheide ◽

Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forest ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Large Scale ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Trade Off ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Tree Communities ◽

Demographic Processes ◽

Tropical Forest Dynamics

All species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among trees, evolution has resulted in different strategies of partitioning resources to these key demographic processes, i.e. demographic trade-offs. It is unclear whether the same demographic trade-offs structure tropical forests worldwide. Here, we used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest plots to estimate the principal trade-offs in growth, survival, recruitment, and tree stature at each site. For ten sites, two trade-offs appeared repeatedly. One trade-off showed a negative relationship between growth and survival, i.e. the well-known fast−slow continuum. The second trade-off distinguished between tall-statured species and species with high recruitment rates, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. Thus, the fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring most tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and strategies across forest types in three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

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