scholarly journals Origin of Multiple Trunks Affects Crapemyrtle Posttransplant Establishment

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Survival Differences ◽  
Marketable Size ◽  
Plastic Containers

Bare-root 17.5-inch-tall (44.45-cm) `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.) liners were grown in #3 [2.75-gal (10.4-L)] black plastic containers and trained to one, three, or five trunks by one of two methods. Half of the plants were established from multiple liners with each trained to form one of the trunks. The others were established by planting a single liner in each container, pruning them back to within 2 inches (5.1 cm) from the substrate surface, and then training elongating buds or adventitious shoots to the desired number of trunks. Once plants reached a marketable size they were transplanted to a landscape for two growing seasons to determine the effects of the treatments on trunk survival or growth uniformity in the landscape. The study was replicated in time with containerized `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle liners, but only grown in the field for 1 year. Growth and quality differences were minimal at the end of nursery production for either clone, thus favoring recommendation of whichever treatment would be most economical to produce the desired growth form. However, in the landscape phase, survival of `Sarah's Favorite' crapemyrtle and growth and uniformity of `Basham's Party Pink' crapemyrtle were greater for several growth measures when multiple trunks were produced by training stems of the same plant as opposed to planting multiple liners. Trunk survival was generally good for three or fewer trunks, but significant losses often occurred when the planting units had five trunks, especially when grown from multiple liners. Growth and survival differences among treatments were more pronounced with increasing trunk number and the longer the planting units were in the field (landscape).

scholarly journals Effect of Prohexidione-Ca and IBA on Establishment and Yield of Green-Top Bare-root Strawberry Transplants

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 848C-848
Author(s):  
John R. Duval* ◽  
Elizabeth Golden ◽  
Julia Reekie ◽  
Peter Hicklenton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Block Experiment ◽  
Growth Regulator Treatment

Bare-root transplants received from high latitude nurseries for Florida production have limited root systems, very long petioles and wilt soon after planting. Further dessication occurs when leaves come in contact with black plastic mulch used in the annual production system. Conventional irrigation practices for the establishment of bare-root transplants of strawberry consist of overhead water application for at least 8 hours/day for 10-14 days after planting. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been used to modify the growth characteristics of many plants species. A split-block experiment was implemented at the GCREC-Dover, Dover Fla., to determine the effect of the use Prohexidione-Ca (PC) and IBA [(indole-3) butyric acid] on growth, yield and establishment of strawberry. Main blocks consisted of over head establishment irrigation for 4, 8, and 12 days, and sub-plots consisted of treatments of PC applied in the nursery at a rate of 62.5 mg·L-1 2, 4, or 6 weeks before digging, PC applied in the nursery at 31.25 mg·L-1 2 weeks before digging, a root dip of transplants in 100 mg·L-1 IBA just prior to transplanting. The experiment was conducted for four growing seasons. Data were recorded for marketable yield, number of marketable berries (>10g), and disease incidence. Significant differences were detected for duration of establishment irrigation and growth regulator treatment. No interaction was shown between establishment irrigation and growth regulator treatment.

scholarly journals Species Responses to Accelerator Grower vs. Black Plastic Containers

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 563C-563b
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Fraxinus Velutina ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Size ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Plant Growth Characteristics

Five species of trees, Fraxinus velutina Torr., Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Platanus occidentalis L., Quercus virginiana Mill., and Ulmus parvifolia Jacq., were first grown in 0.45-L conventional black plastic liner containers, then transplanted to 25-L black plastic containers and grown to a marketable size. The same species were grown in similar-size, open-bottom, air-root pruning, cylindrical, aluminum (Accelerator) containers filled with the equal volumes of media. Plant growth characteristics, root-zone temperatures, and media moisture status were measured. Growth of Q. virginiana was reduced in Accelerator liner containers compared to conventional black plastic liners. Accelerator liners did eliminate circling and deflection of roots at the bottom of the liner containers. Growth of U. parvifolia, F. velutina, and Q. virginiana were similar in the larger 25-L Accelerator and black plastic containers, while growth of P. chinensis and P. occidentalis were greater in Accelerator containers than in conventional black plastic containers. Root-zone temperatures, particularly at the periphery of the rootball, were significantly reduced on warm days in Accelerator containers compared to those in black plastic containers. Media in Accelerator containers were slightly drier than that in black plastic containers.

scholarly journals Container Type and Overwintering Treatments Affect Substrate Temperature and Growth of Chanticleer® Pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Glen's Form’) in the Nursery

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Alison Stoven O'Connor ◽  
James E. Klett ◽  
Anthony J. Koski
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Root Injury ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Temperature And Growth ◽  
Container Type

The container most used for nursery tree production is black plastic (BP). High substrate temperatures occurring in BP can injure or kill roots; BP-grown trees often develop circling and malformed roots. Root injury sustained during production may negatively affect tree health after planting in the landscape. Many containers are available for nursery production, but few studies have examined the merits of alternative container types for production. We compared the growth of Pyrus calleryana Decene. ‘Glen's Form’ (Chanticleer®) in three container types: black plastic, Root Pouch® (RP) and Smart Pot® (SP), over two growing seasons and under two overwintering treatments (consolidated or lined out). After the first growing season, there were no differences in height or dry leaf, shoot and root weight among the three containers. Following the second growing season, caliper, height, leaf area, percent leaf moisture, and root ball quality differed among container type. After the 2010–2011 winter, consolidated trees produced larger root and shoot systems (35.3 and 36.4%, respectively) than trees that were lined out. Substrate temperature maxima and fluctuations during winter and summer were greatest for BP containers compared to RP and SP. The potential advantages of producing trees in fabric containers merit consideration from nursery producers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Plantable Containers for Groundcover Plant Production and Their Establishment in a Landscape

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Susmitha S. Nambuthiri ◽  
Dewayne L. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Ground Coverage ◽  
Lamiastrum Galeobdolon ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Marketable Size ◽  
Plastic Containers

The demand for groundcover plants for landscape use is increasing. Plantable containers are becoming available in sizes appropriate for groundcover plants. Landscapers are seeking ways to decrease the time required to prepare and plant groundcover beds. Studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate plantable containers for a variety of groundcover plants. The study has shown that ‘Bronze Beauty’ ajuga (Ajuga reptans), ‘Herman’s Pride’ lamiastrum (Lamiastrum galeobdolon), ‘Beacon Silver’ lamium (Lamium maculatum), ‘Immergrunchen sedum (Sedum hybridum), ‘Red Carpet Stonecrop’ sedum (Sedum spurium), and ‘Vera Jameson’ sedum (Sedum telephium) were grown to a marketable size from 1.5-inch plugs in 8 weeks in Lexington, KY, when transplanted in May through August. ‘Big Blue’ liriope (Liriope muscari) from bare root bibs required 12 weeks. Plant growth in a 90-mm paper container and 80-mm bioplastic container was similar to that of plants grown in standard 3-inch rigid plastic containers and required 20% less time to transplant into the landscape and grew rapidly after transplanting in the field. Peat containers in this production system yielded smaller plants and slower ground coverage after transplanting in the field than plants grown in the other containers.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Arizona Ash Sequentially Produced in Copper-treated or Nontreated 0.21-, 2.5-, and 11.8-Liter Containers

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 651b-651
Author(s):  
Steven P. Obst ◽  
Charles R. Hall ◽  
Michael A. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Fraxinus Velutina ◽  
Modified Delphi Technique ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Labor Requirements ◽  
Marketable Size ◽  
Plastic Containers

Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.) seedlings were grown in 0.21-L plastic liner containers, half treated with 100 g Cu(OH)2/L latex carrier (formulated as Spin Out), and half nontreated. Seedlings were sequentially transplanted to larger containers, from liners to 2.5-L black plastic containers then to 11.8-L containers resulting in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial combination of container sizes and Cu-treatments (eight combinations with 30 replicates/treatment). Nursery conditions and production procedures were determined from regional nurseries using a modified Delphi technique. Growth responses (height, caliper, market grade) and costs of production were determined for each treatment combination through marketable size in 11.8-L containers. Significant interactions (P ≤ 0.05) among liner and 2.5-L container treatments occurred for end of season trunk diameter and market ratings. Those seedlings grown in both Cu-treated liners and 2.5-L containers tended to have larger calipers and market ratings than other treatment combinations. Growth increases were not realized when containers were treated at a single stage. Copper-treated containers resulted in a 17-second labor savings per container at transplant from 2.5- to 11.8-L containers. Labor requirements were not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different among treatments at transplant from 0.21- to 2.5-L containers.

Comparing the Missouri Gravel Bed and a Wood Chip Production Method for Tree Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelby Fite ◽  
Liza Holmes ◽  
Elden LeBrun
Keyword(s):  
Wood Chip ◽  
Production Method ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
System A ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Quercus Bicolor ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Bare Root

Tree root defects from current nursery production practices influence short- and long-term tree performance and survivability. The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) system, a production method using gravel as a substrate, has been used to prevent many of these defects from occurring. MGB production involves planting bare root stock into a bed of gravel with frequent drip irrigation in order to produce a root system with relatively few defects. MGB production methods have also been purported to allow for summer transplanting of many species, as opposed to traditional dormant transplanting.Because gravel has low water- and nutrient-holding capacity, biochar (5% by volume) was incorporated into one plot as a possible means of improving both water- and nutrient-holding capacity over gravel alone. Wood chip mulch was also investigated as a growing substrate in place of the gravel in a growing system. In 2015, three species, Quercus bicolor (swamp white oak), Taxodium distichum (baldcypress), and Tilia cordata (littleleaf linden), were studied in pea gravel (PG), biochar-amended pea gravel (BC), and wood chip mulch bed (MB) growing environments. Very few differences occurred over the growing season with above- or belowground parameters indicating that the minimal-to-no-cost, more readily available substrate of wood chip mulch should be considered in these growing systems.

scholarly journals Bare Root Liner Production Can Alter Tree Root Architecture

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Hewitt ◽  
Gary Watson
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Typical nursery production practices, such as root pruning and transplanting, can alter tree root architecture and contribute to root systems that are too deep. In a study of field-grown liner production, root architecture was examined at each stage of the production process, from first year seedlings or rooted cuttings, through 4 to 5 year old branched liners. Depth and diameter of structural roots were recorded on ten replications each of Acer saccharum, Gleditsia triancanthos, Pyrus calleryana, and apple seedling rootstocks; Platanus ‘Columbia’ clonal rooted cuttings; and apple EMLA 111 clonal rootstock produced by mound propagation. By the time the liners reached marketable size, most natural lateral roots emerging from the primary root were lost. Simultaneously, adventitious roots were produced deeper on the root shank at the pruned end of the primary root. These changes in architecture result in the formation of an ‘adventitious root flare’ that is deeper in the soil than a natural root flare. The depth of this new root flare is dependent upon nursery production practices and may influence the ultimate depth of structural roots in the landscape.

scholarly journals Sewage sludge composted in the coloring and development of Bermuda grass

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-447
Author(s):  
Brian Turati Rezende ◽  
Patrick Luan Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Jéssica Cristina Meira Bezerra ◽  
Maximiliano Kawahata Pagliarini ◽  
Regina Maria Monteiro de Castilho
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Sustainable Cultivation ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Leaf Accumulation ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract ‘Barazur’ or DiscoveryTM (Cynodon dactylon) is a new variety of Bermuda grass that has slow vertical growth and a bluish-green colour, and the use of sewage sludge in implantation of this species may be an alternative for its sustainable cultivation, without need for chemical fertilizers. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the influence of sewage sludge compound on colour and development of Bermuda grass DiscoveryTM. The experiment was conducted in the field with sod implanted in black plastic containers (volume 8.46 L) filled with soil + sand (1:1) and added different dosages of sludge compost, being: 0 g L -1 (control), 30 g L-1, 60 g L-1 and 120 g L-1. Digital image analysis, fresh and dry leaf mass, Nitrogen leaf and Nitrogen leaf accumulation were evaluated. It was observed that the sewage sludge influenced on turfgrass colouring and development, where 30 g L-1 showed excellent results for colouring with less mass production and N accumulation than the highest dose, showing that this treatment is sufficient for lawn development, without the need of using higher concentrations of compound. It is concluded that the use of composted sewage sludge at a dose of 30 g L-1 is recommended for use in implantation of Bermuda grass DiscoveryTM.

Early Survival and Growth of Russian Pinus sylvestris L. in Canada

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-328
Author(s):  
A. H. Teich ◽  
M. J. Holst
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Continental Climate ◽  
Better Than

Scots pine provenances from Russia were grown in Ontario at Longlac, Dorset and Chalk River, and in Saskatchewan at Prince Albert and Indian Head. After eight growing seasons in the field all provenances survived well. The three tallest, Orel, Woronesh and Kiev provenances, grew considerably taller than the others, and at Prince Albert, where native jack pine was also grown, the growth and survival of these provenances was also better than that of jack pine. If further studies show that this high performance persists and that stem form is commercially acceptable, seedlings from these three provenances may be useful for reforestation in those parts of Canada with a continental climate.

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