Changing Outcome Expectancies, Drinking Intentions, and Implicit Attitudes toward Alcohol: A Comparison of Positive Expectancy-Related and Health-Related Alcohol Warning Labels

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Glock ◽  
Sabine Krolak-Schwerdt
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Positive Expectancy ◽  
Attitudes Toward Alcohol

Smoking, Implicit Attitudes, and Context-Sensitivity

2015 ◽  
pp. 138-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Glock ◽  
Ineke M. Pit ten-Cate
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Context Sensitivity ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
External Cues ◽  
Nicotine Deprivation ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking

This chapter focuses on implicit attitudes toward smoking and provides the first systematic review of research in this domain. Implicit attitudes are suggested to guide automatic behavior, thereby playing a pivotal role for automatic processes inherent in addictive behaviors. This chapter further explores the extent to which implicit attitudes are context-sensitive. More specifically, it reviews studies that have focused on the differential effects of external cues such as warning labels and internal cues (e.g., deprivation). Results of 32 studies show that although smokers generally have more positive implicit attitudes than non-smokers, the valence of implicit attitudes varies as a result of the applied method or stimuli. Studies reveal that implicit attitudes toward smoking partly depend on external cues, especially outcome expectancies. Similarly, internal cues affect implicit attitudes whereby the level of nicotine deprivation seems vital. Implications for intervention and future research are indicated in the discussion.

Changes in Public Attitudes toward Alcohol Control Policies since the Warning Label Mandate of 1988

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A. Kaskutas
Keyword(s):  
Population Survey ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Alcohol Control ◽  
Beverage Containers ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Attitudes Toward Alcohol

The author reports on changes in public attitudes toward alcohol control policies in the U.S. since the implementation of warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers, using general population survey data collected six months before and 18 months after implementation. Of the 13 policies assessed, only the warning label elicited sustained support in the intervening two years. Persons who reported seeing the label on a beverage container were twice as likely as others to support the warning label policy. More than half of the respondents believed warning labels are an effective way to change people's behavior, though supporters are split on the question of whether the label signals that alcohol is a dangerous product. Implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Warning Labels Reduce Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among College Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Cindy W Leung ◽  
Julia A Wolfson ◽  
Robert Hsu ◽  
Keith Soster ◽  
Steve Mangan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Reduce Sugar ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Quasi Experimental

ABSTRACT Background Health-related warning labels may reduce the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), but the effectiveness of such labels in real-world settings is not well established. Objectives We investigated the influence of warning labels on SSB intake among college students at a large public Midwestern university. Methods We conducted a quasi-experimental intervention study among 840 undergraduate students recruited from 3 dining halls on 1 university campus. One dining hall was selected as the intervention (I) site, whereas the other dining halls served as control (C) sites. In January 2019, warning labels were posted on SSB dispensers at the I site. All students reported their beverage intake using a modified beverage frequency questionnaire 2 mo before and 2 mo after the warning label implementation. Generalized linear models examined the influence of the warning labels on SSB consumption at the I site compared with the C sites, adjusting for students’ sociodemographic characteristics. Results In the sample, 68% were aged 17–18 y old at baseline, and 51% identified as female. From baseline to follow-up, there was a 19% decrease in SSB intake at the I site, compared with a 5% decrease at the C sites (P = 0.049 comparing I with C). This difference was driven by significant decreases in the intakes of fruit-flavored drinks, sweetened teas, and flavored milk at the I site compared with the C sites. Although not an SSB, 100% fruit juce consumption decreased 21% at the I site, compared with a 1% increase at the C sites (P = 0.01 comparing I with C). No significant differences were observed in the intakes of soda, energy drinks, sweetened coffees, and nonsugary drinks at the I site compared with the C sites. Conclusions Warning labels were effective in reducing SSB intake among college students, particularly for fruit-flavored drinks, sweetened teas, and flavored milk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04435145.

Alcohol-Related Attitudes of Heavy Drinkers: Effects of Arousal and Valence in Evaluative Conditioning

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Jung Choi ◽  
Jang-Han Lee
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Alcohol Expectancies ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Heavy Drinkers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Positive Expectancies ◽  
Attitudes Toward Alcohol

We investigated the effects of 2 dimensions of affect in evaluative conditioning (EC) on changing alcohol-related attitudes in a sample of students whom we had identified as fitting set criteria to be classified as heavy drinkers. We divided participants into 2 EC groups (high-arousal EC condition, n = 18; low-arousal EC condition, n = 18) and measured their explicit and implicit attitudes toward alcohol. Comparison of results before and after EC indicated that participants reported a greater decrease in both explicit attitudes about positive alcohol expectancies and explicit cravings. However, in regard to implicit attitudes, the results showed that the high-arousal EC condition was associated with a stronger positive attitude toward alcohol after, rather than before, EC, whereas in the low-arousal EC group, implicit attitudes toward alcohol did not change. These results imply that high levels of affect arousal during EC can positively strengthen the implicit evaluation of alcohol in a student sample of heavy drinkers, while decreasing explicit attitudes about cravings and positive expectancies. Thus, based on attitude conditioning, it is important to consider the arousal as well as the valence of affect in treatment of alcohol addiction in order to change alcohol-related attitudes in heavy drinkers.

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