scholarly journals Direct and indirect effects of climate on bird abundance along elevation gradients in the Northern Appalachian mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1670-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Duclos ◽  
William V. DeLuca ◽  
David I. King
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Appalachian Mountains ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Elevation Gradients

scholarly journals Disentangling direct and indirect effects of local temperature on abundance of mountain birds and implications for understanding global change impacts

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12560
Author(s):  
Francesco Ceresa ◽  
Petra Kranebitter ◽  
Juan S. Monrós ◽  
Franco Rizzolli ◽  
Mattia Brambilla
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Local Temperature ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Ecological Requirements

Unravelling the environmental factors driving species distribution and abundance is crucial in ecology and conservation. Both climatic and land cover factors are often used to describe species distribution/abundance, but their interrelations have been scarcely investigated. Climatic factors may indeed affect species both directly and indirectly, e.g., by influencing vegetation structure and composition. We aimed to disentangle the direct and indirect effects (via vegetation) of local temperature on bird abundance across a wide elevational gradient in the European Alps, ranging from montane forests to high-elevation open areas. In 2018, we surveyed birds by using point counts and collected fine-scale land cover and temperature data from 109 sampling points. We used structural equation modelling to estimate direct and indirect effects of local climate on bird abundance. We obtained a sufficient sample for 15 species, characterized by a broad variety of ecological requirements. For all species we found a significant indirect effect of local temperatures via vegetation on bird abundance. Direct effects of temperature were less common and were observed in seven woodland/shrubland species, including only mountain generalists; in these cases, local temperatures showed a positive effect, suggesting that on average our study area is likely colder than the thermal optimum of those species. The generalized occurrence of indirect temperature effects within our species set demonstrates the importance of considering both climate and land cover changes to obtain more reliable predictions of future species distribution/abundance. In fact, many species may be largely tracking suitable habitat rather than thermal niches, especially among homeotherm organisms like birds.

Direct and indirect effects of dynamic social impact

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana M. Binder ◽  
Martin J. Bourgeois ◽  
Christine M. Shea Adams
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects

The Dark Side of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges for the Legal System

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Gravett
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Work Practices ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Autonomous Machines ◽  
State Surveillance

The development of artificial intelligence has the potential to transform lives and work practices, raise efficiency, savings and safety levels, and provide enhanced levels of services. However, the current trend towards developing smart and autonomous machines with the capacity to be trained and make decisions independently holds not only economic advantages, but also a variety of concerns regarding their direct and indirect effects on society as a whole. This article examines some of these concerns, specifically in the areas of privacy and autonomy, state surveillance, and bias and algorithmic transparency. It concludes with an analysis of the challenges that the legal system faces in regulating the burgeoning field of artificial intelligence.

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