direct and indirect effects
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Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Aleksy Kwilinski ◽  
Oleksii Lyulyov ◽  
Henryk Dzwigol ◽  
Ihor Vakulenko ◽  
Tetyana Pimonenko

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the energy sector. The new behavior of industrial and non-commercial consumers changes the energy consumption model. In addition, the constraints associated with the coronavirus crisis have led to environmental effects from declining economic activity. The research is based on evidence from around the world showing significant reductions in emissions and improved air quality. This situation requires rethinking the energy development strategy, particularly the construction of smart grids as a leading direction of energy development. Evaluating the efficiency of smart grids is a vital tool for disseminating successful experience in improving their management. This paper proposes an approach to a comprehensive assessment of smart grids based on a comparative analysis of existing methods, taking into account the changes that need to be considered after the experience gained from the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach provides an accurate set of efficiency indicators for assessing smart grids to account for the direct and indirect effects of smart grids’ implementation. This evaluation approach can be helpful to policymakers in developing energy efficiency programs and implementing energy policy.


2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tayeenul Hoque ◽  
Mohammad Faisal Ahammad ◽  
Nikolaos Tzokas ◽  
Shlomo Tarba ◽  
Prithwiraj Nath

PurposeDrawing on the knowledge-based view of the firm (KBV) and Dynamic Marketing Capabilities (DMC), this paper examines the role of key internationalization knowledge absorption processes as learning strategies, namely market exploitation and market exploration in enabling internationalization knowledge absorption in export-oriented firms involved in manufacturing goods or producing electrical/engineering products.Design/methodology/approachThe data were gathered via a cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire (i.e. n = 315) on a sample of Bangladeshi manufacturing firms exporting in US and European markets.FindingsThe findings suggest that an export firm's internationalization absorption strategies are positively associated with export performance. The authors also found that the mediator, DMC, strengthened the relationship between knowledge absorption and export performance. Moreover, the findings of moderated mediation model revealed that the direct and indirect effects of market exploitation on export performance are more prevalent when competitive intensity is low. While competitive intensity is high, the direct and indirect effects of market exploration on export performance are more prevalent.Practical implicationsBy introducing a higher-level dynamic marketing capability approach and linking it to ambidexterity constructs (learning though exploration and exploitation), export business professionals should appreciate the full spectrum of mid-level marketing capabilities they need to develop alongside their exploration and exploitation strategies to improve their export performance. This study directs attention to the competitive intensity conditions the exporting firm is facing. When export business professionals are faced with high-level of competitive intensity in the market, they should establish a clear focus on their exploration learning strategies if they wish to enhance their export performance.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to two broad domains of literature: organizational learning and DMC strategy. The study results show that how the two components of international ambidexterity as organizational learning constructs (i.e. market exploration and exploitation) influence knowledge management processes within firms through a firm's possession of a fine configuration of higher-level marketing capability. This study also theoretically and empirically examines how higher-level DMC strategy can mediate the consequence of international knowledge absorption mechanism on firm export performance. From a practical perspective, this study provides useful lessons for exporting firms wishing to enhance their performance.


2022 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Lauren C. Zalla ◽  
Grace E. Mulholland ◽  
Lindsey M. Filiatreau ◽  
Jessie K. Edwards

Objectives. To estimate the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on overall, race/ethnicity‒specific, and age-specific mortality in 2020 in the United States. Methods. Using surveillance data, we modeled expected mortality, compared it to observed mortality, and estimated the share of “excess” mortality that was indirectly attributable to the pandemic versus directly attributed to COVID-19. We present absolute risks and proportions of total pandemic-related mortality, stratified by race/ethnicity and age. Results. We observed 16.6 excess deaths per 10 000 US population in 2020; 84% were directly attributed to COVID-19. The indirect effects of the pandemic accounted for 16% of excess mortality, with proportions as low as 0% among adults aged 85 years and older and more than 60% among those aged 15 to 44 years. Indirect causes accounted for a higher proportion of excess mortality among racially minoritized groups (e.g., 32% among Black Americans and 23% among Native Americans) compared with White Americans (11%). Conclusions. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality and health disparities are underestimated when only deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 are considered. An equitable public health response to the pandemic should also consider its indirect effects on mortality. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):154–164. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306541 )


2022 ◽  
pp. 159-170

The results of the simulations shown in Chapter 10 clearly show the consistent pattern of operation of the Grondona system, buying and selling reserves of commodities in response to changes in market prices as reliably as under a gold standard. This has a range of direct and indirect effects which are discussed in this chapter, including the reliably counter-cyclical timing of changes in the quantity of the CRD's reserves, and the parallel changes in the national money supply, the system's contribution to resisting inflationary pressures, and the effect of a CRD's reserves of a commodity falling to zero. Some remaining uncertainties about the system's operation are also discussed, notably about the foreign exchange market's likely response to the system expanding the money supply when commodity prices are falling.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
Valentina Vaxevani ◽  
Tagarakis A. Ioannis ◽  
Tsokali Fani ◽  
Daskalopoulos Marios ◽  
Papamitsou Theodora ◽  
...  

Aim.: Τo investigate the Mobbing phenomenon in the workplace, Material And Methods: We investigated the Mobbing by reviewing previous international research over mobbing. The research material was accumulated after thoroughly examining former studies and reviewing the existing literature, as it was found in the bibliography, data bases, academic libraries, academic journals and the internet. Results: Through the research we tried to define this phenomenon and at the same time to study it in the workplace. Finally, we conducted a literature review from previous research in order to investigate this phenomenon and its factors. Conclusions: The current study has concluded that mobbing sadly negatively affects the recipient by creating both direct and indirect effects on various aspects of his daily life, one of which is the workplace.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Nikita Strelkovskii ◽  
Elena Rovenskaya ◽  
Leena Ilmola-Sheppard ◽  
Robin Bartmann ◽  
Yonat Rein-Sapir ◽  
...  

The ongoing COVID-19 crisis and measures aimed at curbing the pandemic have a widespread impact on various aspects of well-being, such as housing, social connections, and others. Moreover, COVID-19 does not affect all population groups equally. This study analyzes the impact of major COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on a set of national well-being indicators from the most recent version of the OECD Well-Being Framework. Using causal loop diagrams (systems maps), we consider direct and indirect effects of these policies on various components of the national well-being system. Our results show that business closures directly and/or indirectly impact more national well-being components than any other policy. The most affected national well-being components by all policies are life satisfaction, perceived health, and prevalence of depressive symptoms. In addition, we specify how the impact of the anti-pandemic measures differs for various population strata, using the degree of income and employment loss as key stratifying variables. Our insights can be helpful to identify and promote measures that can alleviate the adverse effects of the COVID-19 crisis on the national well-being.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 440-447
Author(s):  
Hilman Hadistya ◽  
Ramdan Pelana ◽  
Yasep Setiakarnawijaya

This study aims to reveal the direct and indirect effects, as well as the simultaneous effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. The sample in this study were 30 beginner athletes of Gold Badminton Club and Sarwendah Badminton Club Jakarta. The research approach used in this study is an associative quantitative approach, a survey method with a test technique. The data analysis technique used a path analysis approach (path analysis). Data were analyzed by path analysis through structural model testing at = 0.05. The results showed that: 1) there was a direct kinesthetic effect on the badminton game's ball drive skills of 0.438, 2) there was a direct effect of eye-hand coordination on the badminton game's ball drive skills of 0.208, 3) there was a direct influence of self-confidence on the ball drive skills badminton game is 0.336, 4) there is a direct kinesthetic effect on self-confidence which is 0.237, 5) there is a direct effect of eye-hand coordination on self-confidence which is 0.199. From the analysis of the direct and indirect effects, it can be concluded that the biggest influence is the direct effect of kinesthetic coordination on the badminton game's repulsive drive skills of 0.438.  


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