The origins of trust: Humans’ reliance on communicative cues supersedes firsthand experience during the second year of life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Mascaro ◽  
Ágnes Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Firsthand Experience

The Origins of Trust: Humans’ Reliance on Communicative Cues Supersedes Firsthand Experience During the Second Year of Life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Mascaro ◽  
Ágnes Melinda Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Marie Antoinette ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Communicative Context ◽  
Firsthand Experience

How do people learn about things that they have never perceived or inferred—like molecules, miracles or Marie-Antoinette? For many thinkers, trust is the answer. Humans rely on communicated information, sometimes even when it contradicts blatantly their firsthand experience. We investigate the early ontogeny of this trust using a non-verbal search paradigm in four main studies and three supplementary studies (N = 208). Infants and toddlers first see where a reward is, and then an in-formant communicates to them that it is in another location. We use this general experimental set-up to assess the role of age, informants’ knowledge, cue’s familiarity, and communicative context on trust in communicated information. Results reveal that infants and toddlers quickly trust familiar and novel communicative cues from well-informed adults. When searching for the reward, they follow a well-informed adults’ communicative cue, even when it contradicts what they just saw. Further-more, infants are less likely to be guided by familiar and novel cues from poorly informed adults than toddlers. Thus, reliance on communication is calibrated during early childhood, up to the point of overriding evidence about informants’ knowledge. Moreover, toddlers trust much more strongly a novel cue when it is used in a communicative manner. Toddlers’ trust cannot be explained by mere compliance: it is highly reduced when communicated information is pitted against what participants currently see. Thus, humans’ strong tendency to rely on familiar and novel communicative cues emerges in infancy, and intensifies during the second year of life.

DEVELOPMENT OF VLBW PREMATURES IN THE SECOND YEAR OF LIFE

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (S 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Rodríguez ◽  
M Bellotti ◽  
S Liendo ◽  
S Napoli ◽  
MM Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year

Evaluation of Visuospatial Short-term and Working Memory from the First to Second Year of Life: A Novel Task

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
C. Fernandez-Baizan ◽  
Miguel Angel Prieto ◽  
J. A. Martinez ◽  
J. L. Arias ◽  
M. Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year

Understanding Interest in the Second Year of Life

Infancy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. MacPherson ◽  
Chris Moore
Keyword(s):  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year

Longitudinal trajectories of gestural and linguistic abilities in very preterm infants in the second year of life

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (13) ◽  
pp. 3677-3688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Sansavini ◽  
Annalisa Guarini ◽  
Silvia Savini ◽  
Serena Broccoli ◽  
Laura Justice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Very Preterm Infants ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Longitudinal Trajectories ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year

Life cycle of the western school prawn, Metapenaeus dalli Racek, in a Western Australian estuary

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
IC Potter ◽  
JW Penn ◽  
KS Brooker
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Australian Estuary ◽  
Western Australian

The absence of marine records for M. dalli below latitude 31�S., together with data on gonadal stages and spermatophore deposition on females of this species in the Swan estuary, provide very strong indications that the western school prawn typically breeds in estuarine environments in south-western Australia. The 0 + recruits, which first appeared in samples in February, remained in the estuary during the following months and by November had reached a size suitable for exploitation. At this time they were approaching sexual maturity and were starting to move from the shallows to the deeper waters of the estuary where they remained for their second year of life. In contrast to Australian Penaeus species, M. dalli mates during the intermoult period when the shell is hard rather than immediately after moulting.

Supplementary Checks on the Scales of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Chum Salmon (O. keta)

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1477-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Bilton ◽  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Similar Incidence

Among 159 central British Columbia pink salmon that had been marked by removal of two fins as fry and had been recovered in commercial fisheries after one winter in the sea, the scales of about one-third showed a supplementary or "false" check near the centre of the scale, in addition to the single clear-cut annulus. This evidence from fish of known age confirms the prevailing opinion that such extra checks do not represent annuli, hence that the fish bearing them are in their second year of life rather than their third. Unmarked pink salmon from the same area, and some from southern British Columbia, had a generally similar incidence of supplementary checks. In both marked and unmarked fish the supplementary checks varied in distinctness from faint to quite clear. In a sample of scales of 14 double-fin marked chum salmon which were known to be in their 4th year, all fish had the expected 3 annuli, and 12 fish had a supplementary check inside the first annulus.

scholarly journals INNOVATIONS IN THE PREPARATION OF STUDENTS OF PRESCHOOL SPECIALIZATION TO AN UNDERSTANDING IN TODDLERS CHOICE OF THE SECOND YEAR OF LIFE

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Liubov Artemova
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Educational Tests

As a result of the 3-year study of children from birth to 3-years, the content, methods, various manifestations of their daily choices in various spheres of need - emotional and personal life were detected. Obtained materials served as a content base for the training of educational tests, which the students carried out the choice procedure. In such organized practical choice, they learned to see, distinguish, understand, feel the choice of kids: lawful from unacceptable, expressed in various ways - emotional, oral, tactile, gesture, effective, etc. Due to the achievements and difficulties of their own choice, future educators participated in needs, interests, aspirations, cognitive capes, individuality of children that showed and characterized their subjects in personal development and growth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document