Individual differences in threat and reward neural circuitry activation: testing dimensional models of early adversity, anxiety and depression

AbstractThe negative effects of prenatal substance exposure on neurobiological and psychological development and of early adversity are clear, but little is known about their combined effects. In this study, multilevel analyses of the effects of prenatal substance exposure and early adversity on the emergence of neurobehavioral disinhibition in adolescence were conducted. Neurobehavioral disinhibition has previously been observed to occur frequently in multiproblem youth from high-risk backgrounds. In the present study, neurobehavioral disinhibition was assessed via behavioral dysregulation and poor executive function composite measures. Data were drawn from a prospective longitudinal investigation of prenatal substance exposure that included 1,073 participants followed from birth through adolescence. The results from latent growth modeling analyses showed mean stability but significant individual differences in behavioral dysregulation and mean decline with individual differences in executive function difficulties. Prior behavioral dysregulation predicted increased executive function difficulties. Prenatal drug use predicted the emergence and growth in neurobehavioral disinhibition across adolescence (directly for behavioral dysregulation and indirectly for executive function difficulties via early adversity and behavioral dysregulation). Prenatal drug use and early adversity exhibited unique effects on growth in behavioral dysregulation; early adversity uniquely predicted executive function difficulties. These results are discussed in terms of implications for theory development, social policy, and prevention science.

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Changing our thinking about changing their thinking in older adulthood

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610217001302 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 1405-1407

Author(s):

Viviana M. Wuthrich

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Flexibility ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Cognitive Changes ◽

Older Adulthood ◽

New Learning

It is well-established that as people age, deterioration in cognitive abilities including processing speed, memory, and cognitive flexibility occurs, although vast individual differences occur in the rate and consequences of this decline (Christensen, 2001). Anxiety and depression in late life are also associated with specific cognitive deficits in memory and executive functioning that may impact on new learning (Yochim et al., 2013). Therefore, it is possible that cognitive changes make it more difficult for older adults to learn how to change their thinking particularly in the context of psychological therapy.

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Early adversity and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: Mediation by individual differences in latent trait cortisol

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579418000044 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (02) ◽

pp. 509-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Catherine B. Stroud ◽

Frances R. Chen ◽

Leah D. Doane ◽

Douglas A. Granger

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Family Environment ◽

Internalizing Symptoms ◽

Allostatic Load ◽

Latent Trait ◽

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽

Early Adversity ◽

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽

Adrenal Axis ◽

Pituitary Adrenal Axis

AbstractResearch suggests that early adversity places individuals at risk for psychopathology across the life span. Guided by concepts of allostasis and allostatic load, the present study examined whether early adversity contributes to the development of subsequent internalizing symptoms through its association with traitlike individual differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis regulation. Early adolescent girls (n= 113;Mage = 12.30 years) provided saliva samples at waking, 30 min postwaking, and bedtime over 3 days (later assayed for cortisol). Objective contextual stress interviews with adolescents and their mothers were used to assess the accumulation of nine types of early adversity within the family environment. Greater early adversity predicted subsequent increases in internalizing symptoms through lower levels of latent trait cortisol. Traitlike individual differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity may be among the mechanisms through which early adversity confers risk for the development of psychopathology.

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Examining Individual Differences in Wellbeing, Anxiety and Depression in Psoriasis Using a Clinically Modified Buddhist Psychological Model

Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings ◽

10.1007/s10880-019-09686-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 842-858

Author(s):

Alan Maddock ◽

David Hevey ◽

Paul D’Alton ◽

Brian Kirby

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Psychological Model

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Frontolimbic neural circuitry at 6 months predicts individual differences in joint attention at 9 months

Developmental Science ◽

10.1111/desc.12015 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 186-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Jed T. Elison ◽

Jason J. Wolff ◽

Debra C. Heimer ◽

Sarah J. Paterson ◽

Hongbin Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Joint Attention ◽

Neural Circuitry

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Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner-city population. 1. Early adversity

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700038939 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 143-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

G. W. Brown ◽

T. O. Harris

Keyword(s):

Inner City ◽

Single Mothers ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Adult Life ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Early Adversity ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Adverse Experiences ◽

City Population

SynopsisA survey of an inner-city population of working-class and single mothers is described and the prevalence of anxiety and depression reported using two related diagnostic schemes, Bedford College caseness and DSM-III-R. This acts as an introduction to an analysis which indicates that adverse experiences in childhood and adolescence (involving parental indifference, and sexual and physical abuse) considerably raise risk of both depression and anxiety conditions (with the exception of mild agoraphobia and simple phobia) in adult life.

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The revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ–R)

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.177.3.229 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 177 (3) ◽

pp. 229-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 187

Author(s):

Paul Chadwick ◽

Susan Lees ◽

Max Birchwood

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Original Data ◽

Auditory Hallucinations ◽

Self Report ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Hospital Anxiety ◽

Improve Measurement ◽

The Mean ◽

Report Measure

BackgroundWe present a revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ–R), a self-report measure of patients' beliefs, emotions and behaviour about auditory hallucinations.AimsTo improve measurement of omnipotence, a pivotal concept in understanding auditory hallucinations, and elucidate links between beliefs about voices, anxiety and depression.MethodsSeventy-one participants with chronic auditory hallucinations completed the BAVQ–R, and 58 also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.ResultsThe mean Cronbach's α for the five sub-scales was 0.86 (range 0.74–0.88). The study supports hypotheses about links between beliefs, emotions and behaviour, and presents original data on how these relate to the new omnipotence sub-scale. Original data are also presented on connections with anxiety and depression.ConclusionsThe BAVQ–R is more reliable and sensitive to individual differences than the original version, and reliably measures omnipotence.

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